IKuthatha kuphela ucwaningo oluncane ukuthola ukuthi njengezinye izinhlanga, abamnyama nabo babambe iqhaza ekuzijabuliseni komoya womuntu. Ososayensi noma abasunguli, abaqhamuki ndawo encwadini yomhlaba yokusungula ibala labo abavumele ukuqhubekela phambili kwesintu, kukhala uYves Antoine, waseHaiti owabhala incwadi ngale ndaba.
Njengesibindi "sezibhamu zaseSenegal", labososayensi abamnyama "ngokukhohliwe" ngokucophelela umhlaba yize izinto zabo ezisetshenziswayo zisetshenziswa nsuku zonke.
Ngempela, bangaki ezigidini zabashayeli abama kurobhothi obomvu nsuku zonke emhlabeni jikelele abaziyo ukuthi leli thuluzi elibalulekile lokuphatha ukugcwala kwabantu emadolobheni lasungulwa ngumuntu omnyama? Kwakungu-1923 kodwa lapho umuntu ozifundisayo wase-Afrika-waseMelika, owazalwa ngo-1875 eTennessee, UGarrett Augustus Morgan ithuthukise amarobhothi. Ngamadola angama-40.000 ngaleso sikhathi, wathengisa okusungulile kwakhe kuGeneral Electric Company.
Ehlakaniphile kakhulu, lo mfundi uzosebenzisa amakhono akhe eKhemistry ukuze asungulwe imaski yegesi, ogunyaziwe laso elifakwe ku-1914 e-United States. Ngakho-ke kuzosiza ukusindisa izinkulungwane zabantu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914-1918) lapho igesi lokulwa lisetshenziswa khona okokuqala njengesikhali sokubhujiswa okukhulu.
Wazalelwa eNew Orleans ngo-1806, umuntu wakubo ngeshwa, UNorbert Rilieux yaguqula ukukhiqizwa koshukela ezimbonini. Ungumbhali wemisebenzi eminingana kuzinjini zomoya.
Lewis H. Latimer, yena, wayazi ngenxa yomucu wekhabhoni ukuletha ukuthuthuka okudingekayo kusibani se-incandescent (isibani sikagesi) esasungulwa ngo-1879 ngu-Edison. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuphinde kwavumela ukwenziwa kwayo kwezimboni nokusetshenziswa okukhulu empilweni yansuku zonke.
Andrew J. Beard, omunye wase-Afrika-waseMelika, wayezothuthukisa injini yomlilo ngenkathi uJohn V. Smith ebeletha amabhuleki ezimoto ngo-Ephreli 23, 1872. NgoFebhuwari 2, 1892, UCarter William wasungula uhlaka lwensimbi lwemoto. Namanje emkhakheni wezokuthutha, i-19 September 1893, U-Elbert R. Robinson uzokwakha i-trolley kagesi esitimeleni kanye Gradville T. Woods uhlelo lokufakwa kukagesi kujantshi. I-African American Mc Koy wasungula uhlelo lokugcoba injini olusebenzayo.
Noma kungewona umbuzo wokwenza ukubalwa kwabantu okuphelele kokutholakele kanye nezinto ezintsha ezenziwe ngabamnyama, ake siqhubeke nalokhu kubuka konke ngokusho lokho John Stenard wasungula isiqandisini 14 July 1891. Asikwazi ukukhohlwa Lee S. Burridge et UNewman R. Mashman owasungula umshini wokubhala ngo-Ephreli 7, 1885, ngawo lowo nyaka lapho amandla aseYurophu ahlukanisa i-Afrika eBerlin.
UGranville T. Woods okucashunwe ngenhla kwasungulwa i-antenna ewumfuziselo ngoJuni 7, 1889. Ngo-Okthoba 11 ngawo lowo nyaka, wenza izinhlelo nezinhlelo zocingo. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngoJanuwari 1, 1891, wasungula inkinobho kagesi.
I-April 23 1895, I-Clatonia Joaquim Dorticus wenza nomnikelo wakhe omncane emsebenzini womuntu ngokusungula umthuthukisi wezithombe.
Phrinta iphephandaba noma incwadi, isibonakaliso sokubheka thina. Kodwa abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi umshini wokunyathelisa usungulwe ngo-Septhemba 17 1878 WA WALavalette.
Emkhakheni wezempi, i-Brazilian Andreas Rebouças (1838-1898) wenza i-torpedo, isikhali sokulwa nemikhumbi esaziwa kakhulu ngamabutho emhlabeni wonke, ngesikhathi sempi neParaguay ngo-1864.
Izisulu zokungabi nabulungisa
E-United States, ubuqili babamnyama abukaze bunqatshwe. Ngokubona ukuqina kobuciko babo, i-Attorney General yase-United States, uJeremiah S. Black uzoshaya umthetho ngo-1858 ophikisana nokufakwa kwamalungelo obunikazi okwenziwe yizigqila. Ngaleso sikhathi, ilungelo lobunikazi lase-United States kwakuyisivumelwano phakathi kukahulumeni wase-United States nomqambi. Isigqila esasingathathwa njengesakhamuzi saseMelika, ngakho-ke ngokuhluleka komthetho owashaywa nguMnu uBlack sasayina inkontileka nohulumeni waseMelika kepha shiya lokho esikusungulile enkosini yaso. Ngakho-ke lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi izinto eziningi ezisungulwe ngabase-Afrika baseMelika babevame ukubonwa ngamakhosi abo ezigqila.
Ngenhlanhla, awukwazi ukufihla ilanga ngezandla zakho. Emkhakheni wenuzi, abanye abantu abamnyama baseMelika bazihlukanisile. Lokhu kwenzeka kwabayisikhombisa kulabo ababamba iqhaza phakathi kuka-1942 kanye no-1945 eManhattan Project edumile, eyahlanganisa izingqondo zesayensi ezihlakaniphe kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi futhi ucwaningo lwayo olwaphetha ngebhomu le-athomu. Labososayensi nabanjiniyela abayisikhombisa abamnyama ULloyd Albert Quaterman, Ralph Gardner, Edward A. Russel, Moddie Taylor, UHarold Delaney, Benjamin Scott, J. Ernest Wilkins et UJaspar Jeffries.
Uphethe iziqu zobudokotela kwi-physics (azivikela ngoMeyi 14, 1962 eParis) nonjiniyela eCommissariat à l'Energie atomique, eGuadeloupe URaoul-Georges Nicolo ngumsunguli webhulokhi yokushintsha yethelevishini yeziteshi eziningi. Leli bhulokhi livumela ukwamukelwa kweziteshi eziningana kuthelevishini efanayo. Ungumsunguli wamadivayisi wokulawula ukwenziwa kabusha kwamaseli e-athomu ezimeni ezibucayi. UMnu. Nicolo futhi ungumqalisi wokwethulwa kwe-elekthronikhi kumadivayisi wokulawula inuzi futhi ubhale imisebenzi eminingi yokunikela.
Kusesayensi ngqo, i-African-American David Blackwell waklonyeliswa ngomklomelo kaJohn Von Newman, eqaphela isazi sezibalo esihamba phambili emhlabeni.
Wazalelwa e-1954, othile waseNigeria wathuthela e-United States, UFiliphu Emeagwali waklonyeliswa ngokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu kwezesayensi (iGordon Bill Prize) ngokusungulwa ngo-1989 kwekhompiyutha esheshayo emhlabeni. Okunye ukusungulwa emkhakheni wama-computer kufanele kusolwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-genius.
E-Chemistry, singakhuluma ngososayensi omkhulu wase-Afrika-waseMelika George Washington Carver (1864-1943). Imisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu iphathelene namantongomane namazambane, lapho ethathe khona imikhiqizo ehlukile njengeshampoo, uviniga, insipho noma impuphu yangasese. Ukutholwa kwakhe kuhlobene nokuguqulwa kukakotini wamabhodi wokuvikela, iphepha, izintambo, ukwenziwa kwezingxenye zepulasitiki ezizenzekelayo kusuka kubhontshisi kanye nokwakhiwa komanyolo.
Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, abase-Afrika baseMelika baye baphumelela kakhulu. Ngempela, ukusebenza kokuqala kwenhliziyo kuvuliwe ngempumelelo ku-1893 yi- UDkt. Daniel Hale Williams (1856-1931) ngesikhathi lapho ukuhlinzwa kwakusesekuqaleni. Isiguli sakhe esincane sidutshulwe esifubeni sabe sesiphila saba neminyaka engama-50.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-30, sase siphumelele ukumpompela igazi. Kepha akekho owayazi ukuthi angalugcina kanjani lolu ketshezi okuthi, ngaphandle komzimba, lonakele ngokushesha. Ungudokotela wase-Afrika-waseMelika, i UDkt. Charles Richard Drew (1904-1950) ngubani ozothola isisombululo. Uthole ukuthi i-plasma ibikulungele kangcono ukugcinwa. Umsebenzi wakhe wawubaluleke kakhulu eMpini Yesibili Yomhlaba, njengoba lo mcwaningi wayenikwe umsebenzi wokuhlela ukuthunyelwa kwe-plasma kwabalimele eGreat Britain.
Emkhakheni wokucwaninga, ochwepheshe e-bacteriology, UWilliam Augustus Hinton (1883-1959) wenza ucwaningo, ikakhulukazi ekwenziweni kohlolo lokuhlola ugcunsula olwenza ukuthi kuthuthuke ekulweni nesifo, okwakungasabi kangako esikhathini esedlule, esasabisa ingculaza.
Ezinye izinto ezifana nekama lezinwele, isiginci, ishaneli yasesitaladini, umshini wokugunda utshani kuzofanele unikezwe udumo ngabantu base-Afrika baseMelika.
Ezwenikazi lethu, asikwazi ukukhuluma ngalezi zifundiswa ezimnyama ngaphandle kokuhlonipha uSheikh Anta Diop waseSenegal, usosayensi odumile kanye nongoti waseGibhithe, owashona ngo-Ephreli 1986. Ngocwaningo lwakhe, wakhombisa isimilo seNegro saseGibhithe lasendulo ngesikhathi 'umhlangano obabubanjelwe eCairo ngo-1974 echitha ngokusobala iziphakamiso zabantu baseNtshonalanga abaphika impucuko eyakhelwe ezweni loFaro, ubuhle bayo.
Ngeke siphele singakhulumi ngomcwaningi we-diaspora, ogama lakhe laziwa emhlabeni wonke: Mr. I-Cheick Modibo Diarra, itilosi eliphakathi kwamaplanethi e-NASA kanye naseMaliya. Uholele abaphenyi baseMagellan kuVenus ngo-1989, uGalileo waya kuJupiter, u-Ulysses waya eLangeni, uMqapheli kanye noPathfinder waya eMars. Namuhla, unguMqondisi weMicrosoft West Africa.
Ukuze imizamo yalaba basosayensi abamnyama nabasunguli bemvelo abasizi ngalutho, kusenza sibe nomthwalo wemfanelo wokungashiyi imisebenzi yabo ngokungabikho. Kumele sizame ukulandela ezinyathelweni zabo futhi senze amamodeli esizukulwane esizayo ukwakha izwekazi lethu. Ukuziqhenya kwethu ngokuba mnyama nokukhwabanisa kwethu ekuthuthukiseni amaphrojekthi ethu okuthuthukiswa kuyoba ngumvuzo omuhle esingabanika wona.
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Izici
Umkhiqizo Wabadala | |
Usuku lokukhulula | 2018-10-05T00:00:01Z |
Edition | 3 |
Ulimi | Français |
Inombolo yamakhasi isihlangane | 304 |
Usuku lokushicilela | 2018-10-05T00:00:01Z |
Ifomethi | incwadi yefomethi enkulu |