Amanga omlando kwezemfundo

Izincwadi zokufundela amakilasi ezikole eziphakathi kusuka kwelesithupha kuye kwesithathu zisayinwe "yithimba lothisha base-Afrika"

Bangobani laba othisha abangaziwa? Asinalo ulwazi mayelana nobunikazi babo ngisho nangaphansi ngamakhono abo. Ngezinye izikhathi kubhekiswa ekuqaleni kwencwadi ethi "Ukuxhumanisa uSophie Callennec". Kodwa uSophie Callennec akayona i-Afrika. Uma engekho ngempela ingxenye "yeqembu lokufundisa lase-Afrika" yingabe indima yakhe iyini?

Ngokusobala sifuna ukunikeza inkolelo yokuthi lezi zincwadi ziwumsebenzi wabantu base-Afrika mhlawumbe bangacasuli izinhloso zikazwelonke zabafundi. Nakuba empeleni laba othisha base-Afrika kungenzeka basebenze ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwengqondo yomlando ongeyena-Afrika.

Ukuphathwa kokubhalwa kwencwadi yomlando we-Ivorian ngumlando wezwe ongewona wase-Afrika ovela ezweni langaphambili lezakoloni kuyisinqumo esibi sekhaya laseFrance lokushicilela.

Kulokhu, nasi isikhundla somlando-mlando uJoseph. I-Ki - Zerbo. "Ngendlela efanako, okufana nokunikela kwabo bonke ososayensi kuyadingeka ukukhiqiza i-monographs, kanye nokuhlola okujwayelekile emlandweni we-Afrika, ngokutjho ukuchazwa okujwayelekile kwalokhu okudlulileko nokulungiswa kwamabhuku weemlando Afrika ukuze kuzuzwe izakhamizi zase-Afrika, kumele kuqala futhi kube yimbangela yabaningi-mlando be-Afrika? Lezi zihloswe ukufundisa izakhamuzi zakanye "[1]

Kusukela kulokhu okushiwo umbuzo omkhulu. Ingabe i-Côte d'Ivoire ilahlekelwe isinyathelo somlando nesombusazwe sokubhala izincwadi zayo zomlando? Ngakho-ke siholwa ukubuza ubuhlobo uMbuso weCôte d'Ivoire onomlando? Siyakhumbula ukuthi umbhali Bernard Dadi kwembulwe isihloko "ngosuku", izincwadi umlando wokusha eminyakeni 1960 [2] iziphathimandla zezemfundo.

[1] uJoseph Ki-Zebo, Umlando we-Black Africa kusukela namhlanje kuze kube namuhla, iParis Hatier, ikhasi le-29.

[2] "Kwakungekho yini incwadi ephathelene nale ndoda eyashiswa egcekeni le-Academy? Ngohlelo lwabani? Umuntu, kwakunguGabriel Dadié "eBernard B. Dadié, amatshe amhlophe, angapheli, Abidjan, NEI / CEDA, 2004. Ikhasi le-23. Lokhu kusekelwe ekuphenyweni kwethu kwencwadi yokuqala yomlando; U-André Clérici (Umhleli), Umlando wase-Ivory Coast, u-Abidjan, i-CEDA, i-1962

2 - Ukungabikho kwepharadigm "yempucuko"

I-Ivorian eyaziwayo ithi: "UMbuso unesibopho sokuvikela nokukhuthaza izindinganiso zikazwelonke zentuthuko kanye namasiko amasiko aphikisana nomthetho nokuziphatha okuhle" [1]. Ngakho-ke umbuso wase-Ivoryan unomsebenzi wezamasiko ovame ukugxila emasikweni aseNigro-Afrika. Lona omunye wemisebenzi yemfundo futhi ikakhulukazi emlandweni egqoke impucuko iphrojekthi yenkampani ngoba imfundo kumele ihlelwe emhlabeni izithakazelo nemigomo inkampani ukuqinisekisa kabusha kuwo.

Enye yezimfanelo zempucuko yaseNigro-Afrika yukuthi ixhomeke kubantu abakudala baseNigeria nabaseNigeria, isisekelo sobumbano lwamazwe ase-Afrika.

NguKheikh Anta Diop ozoveza kangcono umdwebo we-Afrika "wezepolitiki";

"Abantu abasha base-Afrika kuzodingeka baphumule ezisekelweni zesiko laseGibhithe-Nubian, njengoba nje nabantu basentshonalanga bathembela emasikweni aseGrisi nakwaseRoma. Ngaphandle kokubhekisela ngokuhlelekile eGibhithe kuzo zonke izinkambiso zamasiko, ngeke kwenzeke ukwakha umzimba wesayensi yabantu: isazi se-Afrika esifuna ukwenza umsebenzi wesayensi asinakho ukukhetha, ngeke sikwanelisekile ukudlala ngothando ngamaqiniso aseGibhithe amasiko "[2].

Ngakho-ke ama-pedagogi ase-Afrika kufanele abe nepardigm inkimbinkimbi yasendulo yaseGibhithe-yeNubian. [3]

Kodwa ukuhlaziywa kwezincwadi zomlando ezihlolwe kulolu cwaningo kubonisa ukuthi abalobi abacabangi lelifa lemvelo yabantu base-African classical.

Kunalokho ababhali, kulandela "Africanist" ifike amanga ngomlando ngokuzikhandla ukuba "usike" Ancient Egypt "kulo lonke izwe Negro Afrika ukunamathisela kabusha ke uye eMpumalanga. Njengoba i-CA Diop iveza, "ubuzwe be-Orientalism" ukukhungatheka kwabase-Afrika.

[1] Isigaba 7 soMthethosisekelo waseCôte d'Ivoire we-2000.

[2] Cheick Anta Diop, i-African Antiquity ngesithombe, i-Paris, i-African presence, i-1967. Ikhasi le-12.

[3] Théophile Obenga, "Tribute to Antenor Firmin (18850-1911) iminyaka Haitian Isazi sezinto ezindala zaseGibhithe Ankh Cha 17 2008, 132-143.

3 - Ukungabikho kwesikhathi esingokomlando kanye nobunye bamasiko ase-Afrika

Umlando wase-Afrika njengoba ubonakala kulezi zincwadi ukuphika ubumbano bomlando nezamasiko kuleli zwekazi. Kodwa nokho imisebenzi kaKheikh Anta Diop noTheophile Obinga baye baxazulula ngokucacile lo mbuzo.

Ngempela, "Umsebenzi Cheikh Anta Diop esethula zomlando namasiko ubunye isikhathi ezifundweni Afrika, kokushiya inkululeko ahistorical kanye ethnographic Afrika lapho mlando bendabuko Africanists kwase PUK" [1].

Ngo-1993, uThéophile Obinga, encwadini eyasungula izilimi zomlando wase-Afrika, [2] ukhombisa ubudlelwano bezakhi zofuzo zezilimi zaseNigro - zase-Afrika futhi udonsa imiphumela emikhulu; ukuba khona kokhokho ovamile wangaphambi kwesigodi ongu- "Negro - waseGibhithe; Impucuko efanayo ikhona, ihlanganisa yonke indawo ye-African negro; IGibhithe laseGibhithe yimpucuko yokuqala yomlando ukuvela esizindeni seNigro - African.

Inhloso yazo zonke izifunda zase-Afrika kanye nabase-Afrika bezwekazi kanye nalabo abahlala emazweni angaphandle ukwakha inhlangano yezombusazwe yase-Afrika. I-African Union nayo yonke iminye iminyango yokuhlanganiswa kwesifunda izoba yindlela yamasu okufeza le njongo yezombangazwe

Kodwa indlela yokwakha ikusasa elivamile, uma imfundiso yomlando ifihliza futhi ihlukanisa ikusasa elivamile elibopha bonke abantu base-Afrika kusukela kuleso sakhiwo somuntu.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uMolefe kete Asante wakwazi ukubhala encwadini yokusungula ye-Afrocentricity:

"Kusukela ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, ongqondongqondo zethu abafuna ukusungula umshado wethu kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho ... Lesi sicelo kuye kwaholela amathemba engamanga, futhi baya ukukhohlisa saba ukhathele mpendulo wobunye. Akuyona ubunye okumelwe siwufune, kungukubambisana. [3] Kodwa umlando yisisekelo.

[1] Obinga, Theophilus Cheikh Anta Diop, Volney noSphinx; umnikelo kaCheikh Anta Diop kumlando wezibalo zezwe, Paris, Presence Africaine / Khepera, 1996, p.417

[2] Obinga Theophilus, Umthombo Ovamile WaseGibhithe Yamandulo YeCoptic neNegro - Izilimi Zase-Afrika Zanamuhla; isingeniso sezilimi zomlando zase-Afrika, eParis, eHarmattan, 1993.

[3] Asante Molefi Kete, Afrocentricity, ihumusha Ama Mazama, Paris, Editions Menaibuc, 2003, ikhasi 53.

4 - Uhlobo lwesintu

Mayelana nokuvela komuntu emhlabeni, abalobi balezi zincwadi zikhona ngendlela ebonakalayo ekuzalweni komuntu wanamuhla e-Afrika:

"Kungacatshangwa ukuthi i-Afrika, lapho amadoda okuqala avela khona, kwakuyizwekazi lokuqala elakhiwe" [1].

Kodwa esimeni sesimo samanje, ukubonakala komuntu e-Afrika akusekho nje ukucabanga kodwa iqiniso eliqinisekisiwe.

Ukulandelana kwezikhathi eziyinhloko ezitholakalayo zesayensi nokucwaninga kufakazela ngalokhu.

I-1880: UCharles Darwin wayengusosayensi wokuqala wokushicilela inkolelo yesimanje yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nemvelaphi yomuntu. Ube ngowokuqala ukuqoka i-Afrika njengendawo yakhe yokuvela kuyo (R. Leakey, 1980).

I-1954: I-Cheikh Anta Diop isekela inkolelo ye-monogeneticism ne-Africanity of humanity

I-1959: ULouis noMary Leakey bahumusha okokuqala ukuthungwa kwe-Olduva eTanzania kuqinisekisa imvelaphi yase-Afrika yabantu.

I-1967: I-paleontologist uLouis Leakey ithola izingulube ezimbili ze-fossil u-Omo 1 no-Omo 2 eBibish eningizimu ye-Omo River e-Ethiopia. Zibhalwe iminyaka engu-130 000 ngaphambi kwesikhathi sobuKristu.

1997 - 2003: Imivubukulo eqondiswe nguTim Wite noBerhane Asafaw eduzane nedolobhana laseHerto e-Ethiopia. Leli thimba livumbulule izingebhezi ezimbili ezindala nezengane eseduze nedolobhana laseHerto, ekucindezelekeni kwe-Afar empumalanga ye-Ethiopia. Iwuhlobo lwe-homo sapiens Idaltu. Iminyaka etholwe yindlela ye-argon isethwe phakathi kweminyaka eyi-154 kanye ne-000 ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu. Lokhu kutholakala kuqinisekisa imvelaphi yase-Afrika yama-homo sapiens sapiens. Iqokomisa lonke uchungechunge lokuvela e-Ethiopia.

Ngo-2005, izinsalela ze-omo 1 ne-omo 2 ezitholwe nguLouis Leakey kwakungundabamlonyeni wokuqomisana okusha okwenziwa yithimba labaphenyi baseMelika nabase-Australia eliholwa ngu-Ian Mc Dougall oqhamuka ezindaweni ezinamadwala lapho kwakukhona khona izinsalela ezimbili. ikhishwe ngo-1967. Indlela ye-isotopic ene-argon yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuphothula ngo-195 000 (+ -5000 years) ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu. Lawa namuhla amathambo amadala kaHomo sapiens sapiens noma abantu besimanje abatholakala [2]. Ekuqaleni nase-Afrika. Lezi zinsalela ziqinisa i-hypothesis yemvelaphi efanayo neyase-Afrika yabo bonke abantu banamuhla

ULuigi Luca Cavalli - uSforza, isazi sezakhi zofuzo eStanford University, uqinisekisa ukuthi umsuka wesintu uvela ku-DNA.

Usosayensi wase-Afrika uThéophile Obenga unalolu hlobo oluhle:

"Isikhathi esiphezulu kunazo zonke nesingakaze sivuselele ukuthi isintu sibhekane nakho kwakuyiwona mzuzu owodwa lapho umuntu engumuntu emhlabathini wase-Afrika" [3].

Ngemva kwalokho, ososayensi abaningi in eyala ehlukahlukene eze abakutholile baqinise mqondo ka-Afrika kanye nemvelaphi monogenetic lwesintu. Njengoba Yves Coppens, Gunter Brauer, Donald Johanson, Richard Leakey, uStephen Jay Gould noMaurice Taib paleontology womuntu, Rebecca L. cann M. Stoneking kanye no-Allan C. Wilson ibanga zofuzo ukuhlaziywa, Richard Lewontin e electrophoresis amasu ; Joseph H. Reichholf ku-Biology and Ecology [4].

Konke kubonisa ukuthi izinhlobo zabantu zinomsuka ovela eMpumalanga Afrika ezingeni lika homo homorectus, Neanderthal, Homo sapiens sapiens [5].

Umuntu angakhuluma kanjani nge-hypothesis? Abalobi bazenza sengathi ngeke basesikhathini ngalolu daba ukuze bafihle ezinganeni imvelaphi yase-Afrika yabantu.

Noma kunjalo abalobi babonisa imephu "efanayo" se-8 isahluko. Amadoda okuqala. Lelimephu elinesihloko esithi "ukulungiswa komhlaba" libonisa ngokucacile ukukhokha kusukela esigodini seNayile ngokwemibono ye-monogenetic. Kodwa abalobi basathula mayelana nencazelo yale mephu.

Kunesinye isichazamazwi, umbhalo onesihloko esithi "Inzalo yase-Afrika yesintu" iyincazelo eminye imisebenzi kaLeopold Sédar Sengor we-1967. Uyaziwa ukuthi ungumlobi omkhulu. Kungani ukhetha izingxabano zombongi kulesosayense njengoKheikh Anta Diop owasungula isisekelo sesayensi salokhu kuhlaziywa?

[1] Ithimba labafundisi base-Afrika, i-History Geography, i-6 e. I-Paris: I-CEDA, i-International Hatier Group, i- 2001. Ikhasi le-24.

[2] Uhlobo, indiza 433, 733, 736 unyaka 17 February 2005

[3] Theophile Obenga, Cheihh Anta Diop, Volney noSphinx, Presence Africaine / Khepera, Paris, 1996. Ikhasi le-236.

[4] Theophile Obenga, Cheihh Anta Diop, Volney noSphinx, Presence Africaine / Khepera, Paris, 1996, ikhasi

[5] Theophile Obenga, Cheihh Anta Diop, Volney noSphinx, Presence Africaine / Khepera, Paris, 1996, ikhasi 236.

5 - Ukuzalwa kobuciko nomcabango ongokomfanekiso

Abalobi bezincwadi zomlando ezisetshenziselwa amakolishi ase-Ivorian bagweme ngokucophelela ukuthi ubuciko buzelwe e-Afrika.

Baqaphela encwadini yesithupha:

"EYurophu ubuciko obudala kunazo zonke ziyiminyaka engu-35 000 edlule" [1].

Kwakungu-1940 lapho uH. Breuil aqinisekisa khona imigede yaseLascaux futhi wenza incazelo yokuqala ngayo. Ukujola komhume okwenziwe yi-WF Libby ku-carbon 14 kunika iminyaka eyi-17 ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu, okungukuthi eMagdalenian.

Ngakho kuze kube sekupheleni iminyaka 1990, abacwaningi abaningi, esekelwe imidwebo emhumeni Lascaux noma Chauvet, ayeqiniseka ukuthi inguquko yamasiko homo Sapiens Sapiens kusuka Afrika, ezenzeka eYurophu futhi EFrance ikakhulukazi.

Kodwa enye inzalo yowesifazane waseBrassempouy (ikhanda lomfazi wase-Ivory) unikeza i-23 000 ngaphambi kwesikhathi sobuKristu.

Kodwa ukutholakala okusha kuyoba inselelo kulo mqondo;

1950. Ukutholwa kwethambo lika-Ishango lendoda yaseGelgium okuthiwa uJean de Heinzelin. Ulwazi lwezibalo zabase-Afrika lufakazelwe emithonjeni yeminyaka ye-Nile 25 000 ngaphambi kwesikhathi sobuKristu [2].
1970 iminyaka: Ukutholakala amathambo Lebombo phakathi weRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu - Afrika naseSwazini ivumela zifakazela nakakhulu ngesikhathi ukucabanga nezibalo e Afrika noma 35 futhi 37 000 iminyaka ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu.
Kusukela ku-1991, i-CS Henshilwood yenza ukuthungwa emhumeni waseBloombos e-RSA. Amatshe agwetshiwe nama-seashells atholakala embukisweni womhume, lobuciko obucacile kanye nomqondo ongokomfanekiso uvele isikhathi eside e-Afrika, eminyakeni engu-77 000 ngaphambi kwesikhathi sobuKristu.
Lo-ocher oqoshiwe (bheka isithasiselo) esihlanganisa uchungechunge lwemizila ehambisanayo yisimpawu sokuqala esaziwayo kuze kube manje ukuba khona "komcabango ongokomfanekiso" ochaza umuntu wanamuhla (homo sapiens sapiens).

Ngokubuyisa usuku lwempahla yasendulo yezobuciko zaseYurophu nokuqeda labo base-Afrika, asebekhulile, abalobi basikisela ukuthi akekho ubufakazi obudala bokubuciko e-Afrika. Lesi sethulo esinqunyiwe seqiniso siwukukhwabanisa okuhlose ukukhohlisa umfundi. Sinobufakazi bokuthi ukukhohliswa komlando ngabalobi kuyinkampani eyaziwayo ngoba ukuxhaphaza akusiyo isayensi kepha ukugcwala.