An enhliziyweni yempucuko yaseGibhithe, i-Maat ihlanganisa umqondo oyisisekelo obonisa ukuhleleka, iqiniso, ubulungisa nokuvumelana kwendawo yonke. Imele okungaphezu nje kokucabangela izimiso zezenhlalo nezenkolo; iyinsika lapho ukuzinza kwendawo yonke kwakubekwe phezu kwayo, kokubili ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabaseGibhithe lasendulo nasembonweni wabo wangaphandle. Lo mbono we-Ma'at ugqamisa indlela abaseGibhithe lasendulo ababekwazisa ngayo ukulingana nokuhleleka kuzo zonke izici zobukhona babo, benza ubulungisa nokuzwana kube yizinsika zomphakathi wabo.
Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umsuka kanye nophawu lwe-Ma'at, ubudlelwano bayo obungenakuhlukaniswa ne-cosmic order, ithonya layo elijulile emphakathini waseGibhithe, kanye nendima yayo ebalulekile emcabangweni wokuphila kwangemva kokufa. Ngezigaba ezinikezwe imvelaphi kanye nokufanekiselwa kwe-Ma'at, endimeni yayo ohlelweni lwe-cosmic, emphakathini, futhi ekugcineni, ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa, sizothola izimfundiso iGibhithe lasendulo esizinike zona mayelana nesidingo sokulondoloza ibhalansi. nokuzwana emhlabeni wethu.
Umsuka kanye nezimpawu ze-Maat
Ukuzalwa kwenganekwane kukaMaat
UMaat uxhumene kakhulu ne-cosmogony yaseGibhithe, lapho echazwa khona njengendodakazi kaRa, unkulunkulu welanga nomdali. Le nhlangano ikhombisa indima yayo ebalulekile kuhlelo lwe-cosmic kanye nenhlalo. Ngokwezinganekwane, uMaat wazalwa kunkulunkulu uRa ekuqaleni kwendalo, inkathi ephawuleka ngokuvela komhlaba emanzini asendulo eNun. Ukuba khona kwe-Maat kusukela ezikhathini zokuqala zokudala kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwayo njengokuhleleka kanye nomgomo wokuzinzisa. 1.
Ukumelwa kwesithonjana se-Maat
I-Ma'at iboniswa nge-anthropomorphically, ngokuvamile isesimweni sowesifazane, okujwayelekile emicabangweni engabonakali eyenziwe samuntu kubuciko baseGibhithe. Ngokuvamile ugqoke ingubo ende enamathela yonkulunkulukazi futhi ugqoke ubucwebe bendabuko. Ukumelelwa kwayo okuyisakhiwo sodumo kuhlanganisa uphaphe lwentshe ekhanda layo, olufanekisela ukukhanya nokulunga. Lesi sithombe somfanekiso asigcini nje sokuhlobisa kodwa siqinisa indima ye-Maat njengophawu lokulinganisela nokuvumelana. 2.
Incazelo yophaphe lwentshe
Uphaphe lwentshe, noma uphaphe lwe-Maat, luwuphawu olunamandla esikweni laseGibhithe. Isetshenziswa phakathi nesiko lokulinganisa inhliziyo ngemva kokufa, isikhathi esiwujuqu lapho imiphefumulo yabashonile yahlulelwa. Uma inhliziyo kamufi ilula njengophaphe, kusho ukuthi wayephila impilo ehambisana nezimiso ze-Maat. Lolu phaphe alukhethwa ngokungahleliwe; ukulinganisa kwayo kanye nekhono layo lokuphazanyiswa umoya omncane wokuphefumula kubonisa kahle imiqondo yokulunga nokuzwela ukuphazamiseka, okubalulekile ku-cosmic yaseGibhithe kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi. 3.
I-Maat kanye ne-cosmic order
Indima ye-Maat ekudalweni nasekulinganiseni kwendawo yonke
I-Maat, ezinganekwaneni zaseGibhithe, ibalulekile ekudalweni nasekugcinweni kwebhalansi yendawo yonke. Uchazwa njengendodakazi kaRa, unkulunkulu welanga nomdali, egcizelela indima yakhe eyinhloko ohlelweni lwe-cosmic kanye nenhlalo. 4. I-Maat ibonakala njengendinganiso yendawo yonke eyamiswa uMdali, ehlanganisa ukulinganisela, ubulungisa, nokuhleleka okudingekayo ukuze kuhambisane nemithetho. 4. Ithonya layo likhulu kangangokuthi umsebenzi wokuqala kaFaro uwukuphoqelela umthetho we-Ma'at kulo lonke elaseGibhithe, oboniswa ngezithombe ezindongeni zamathempeli lapho uFaro enza umnikelo we-Ma'at kunkulunkulu. 4.
Maat kanye nokulwa nesiphithiphithi
I-Maat iphambene ngokuqondile ne-Isfet, emele isiphithiphithi, ukungabi nabulungisa kanye nokuphazamiseka. Indima kaFaro, njengompristi waseGibhithe we-archetypal, ihlanganisa ukukhuthaza ukuhleleka kwe-Ma'at nokuxosha u-Isfet. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphatha umbuso ngokulunga kanye nokulwa namandla esiphithiphithi, okuyimithombo yobubi obukhulu. 5. Imibhalo Yephiramidi ichaza lesi sibopho sobukhosi njengomsebenzi "wokubuyisela i-Ma'at nokuxosha i-Isfet", igqamisa ububili besenzo sobukhosi ezindabeni zokubusa nokugcinwa kokuhleleka kwendawo yonke kanye nenhlalo. 5.
UMaat noHeka, umlingo waseGibhithe
UMaat uhlobene eduze noHeka, unkulunkulu wemilingo, odlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuhleleka kwendawo yonke kanye nenhlalo. I-Heka, emelwe njengamandla okuthonya indlela yezenzakalo, ibonakala njengokusekela kwesintu nonkulunkulu, kanye nendawo yonke ngokwayo. 6. Lo mlingo, obizwa ngokuthi i-Heka, ubonakala njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuphila nokufa, ethonya isiphetho futhi uvumela ukusebenzisana namandla okudala aphezulu. 6. Indima ka-Heka eceleni kwe-Maat iqinisa umqondo wokuthi ibhalansi ye-cosmic nokuvumelana kugcinwa ngenhlanganisela yobulungisa bukaNkulunkulu kanye nemilingo. 6.
UMaat emphakathini waseGibhithe
Ithonya lika-Ma'at kwezobulungiswa nasemthethweni
EGibhithe lasendulo, i-Maat yayingagcini nje emcabangweni wenkolo noma wenganekwane; wawuhlanganisa nesisekelo somthetho nobulungiswa. Njengendodakazi kaRa, uMaat waqondisa uFaro, owayengumniki-mthetho kuphela. Imithetho ayimisayo yayiphefumulelwe ukuhlakanipha kwaphezulu, ihlose ukuzuzisa abantu bonke nokuzwana komphakathi. Le mithetho, egcinwe ezinqolobaneni ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwe-vizier, yasetshenziswa kubo bonke ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa, ngaleyo ndlela ikhombisa indawo yonke kanye nokulingana kwe-Maat. 7. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwe-Maat ohlelweni lwezomthetho kugcizelela indima yayo eyisisekelo ekulawuleni ukuhleleka komphakathi kanye nokusabalalisa ngokulinganayo kwezinsiza, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zendlala lapho uFaro evula izinqolobane ukuze aqinisekise ukusinda kwabantu. 7.
I-Maat kanye ne-social hierarchy
Umphakathi wase-Egypt wawuhlukene ngokujulile, kodwa i-stratum ngayinye yayinendima okufanele iyidlale ngokwemigomo ye-Ma'at. Ukuhlonipha lezi zimiso yiwo wonke umuntu, kusukela kuFaro kuya kuma-artisan, okuqinisekisiwe ukuvumelana komphakathi kanye ne-cosmic. Imibhalo yezimfundiso nokuhlakanipha, njengaleyo eyabhalwa uFaro Khety, yakuveza ngokucacile lokhu okulindelekile. Abazange baveze uFaro njengomuntu ongcwele ongenaphutha, kodwa njengomholi onomthwalo wemfanelo okufanele agcine uMaat ukuze aqinisekise ukuzinza komphakathi nokuhleleka kwe-cosmic. Ukuhlonipha i-Maat komuntu ngamunye kwakubalulekile ekusindeni komphakathi kanye nokuchuma kombuso. 7 2.
Iqhaza likaFaro njengomgcini we-Maat
UFaro, njengendodana kaRa kanye nommeleli wonkulunkulu eMhlabeni, wayenomsebenzi oyinhloko wokugcina umyalelo we-Maat. Lomthwalo wemfanelo wawubonakala emisebenzini yakhe yansuku zonke, eyayihlanganisa ukukhulekela kwaphezulu nokuqondisa ubulungisa. UFaro wayengabonwa nje kuphela njengenkosi yobulungisa kodwa futhi njengomgcini webhalansi phakathi kwabantu nonkulunkulu. Ngemikhuba nemithetho, waqinisekisa ukuthi uMaat uyahlonishwa, ngaleyo ndlela eqinisekisa ukuzinza nobuqotho bombuso. Izimantshi, ngaphansi kwegunya lakhe, zamemezela ukuhambisana kwazo ne-Maat, ngaleyo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwazo kanye namandla azo okuphatha ubulungiswa ngendlela efanele. 8 9.
Maat ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa
Ukulinganisa kwenhliziyo nokwahlulelwa kwabafileyo
EGibhithe lasendulo, ukukala kwenhliziyo kwakuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekwahluleleni imiphefumulo yabashonile. Inhliziyo, eyasala emzimbeni lapho kugqunyiswa, yayibhekwa njengesihlalo sikanembeza nezinkumbulo zomufi. Esikalini, inhliziyo yayibekwe epuletini elilodwa elibheke uphaphe lwentshe, uphawu lukaMaat, kwelinye. Uma inhliziyo yayilingana nophaphe, lokhu kwakubonisa ukuthi umufi wayephile ukuphila ngokuvumelana nezimiso zikaMaat futhi ngaleyo ndlela wayekwazi ukufinyelela ukuphila kwangemva kokufa. 1011. Kungenjalo, inhliziyo yayidliwe u-Ammout, umshwabadeli wabafileyo, kanjalo efanekisela ukwehluleka ukuphila ngokuvumelana nobulungisa neqiniso. 11.
Ukuvuma okubi
Ukuvuma icala elibi kwakuwumkhuba lapho umufi kufanele amemezele phambi kwenkantolo yamajaji angamashumi amane nambili ukuthi akazange enze amaphutha athile ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Lesi simemezelo, esivame ukuqoshwa eNcwadini Yabafileyo, sasibalulekile ekuthathweni njengokufanelekile ukujoyina impilo yangemva kokufa. Ukungazibophezeli kwalawa maphutha, asohlwini lokuvuma izono, bekubalulekile ukuze kufakazele ukubambelela kumagugu e-Maat nokugwema imiphumela ye-Isfet, ukuphazamiseka nokungabi nabulungisa. 312.
Uphawu lwe-Maat emikhosini yomngcwabo
UMaat wadlala indima engokomfanekiso enamandla emasikweni omngcwabo aseGibhithe. Uphaphe lwakhe, olwalusetshenziswa ekukaleni inhliziyo, lwakhethwa ngenxa yokulinganisa kwalo okuphelele, olumelela ukulunga nobulungisa. Lolu phaphe lwaluzwela ekuphazamisekeni okuncane, okubonisa ubuthakathaka bebhalansi phakathi kokuhle nokubi. Imifanekiso yale micikilisho ivame ukubonisa uMaat eduze kwezikali, eqondise ukwahlulela, noma eduze kuka-Osiris, eqinisekisa indima yakhe ebalulekile enqubweni yokwahlulela imiphefumulo. 13.
Isiphetho
Kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka, i-Maat ihlanganisa izimiso zokulinganisela, iqiniso, nobulungisa, okwenza umgogodla wempucuko yaseGibhithe lasendulo. Lolu hambo lwezindinganiso ezibalulekile ze-Maat lusimbulele ukuthi lezi zimiso azizange zilolonge kuphela ukuhleleka kwendawo yonke kanye nenhlalo, kodwa nomqondo wokuphila kwangemva kokufa, ngaleyo ndlela zigqamisa ukubaluleka kwazo okungaphelelwa yisikhathi. Ukuvumelana kwendawo yonke okwakufunwa abaseGibhithe lasendulo nge-Maat kusasikhuthaza nanamuhla ukuthi sizindle ngokuthi singahlanganisa kanjani lezi zimiso ezibalulekile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, ngenhloso yokugcina ibhalansi nobulungiswa emhlabeni wethu. Uphawu lophaphe lwentshe, olubonisa ukukhanya nobulungisa, lusikhumbuza ukuthi zonke izenzo nezinqumo kufanele zihlose ukulondoloza ukuzwana nokulunga, izimiso eziboniswa ngokuphelele ukucabangela okujulile kwe-Ma'at kanye nethonya layo emphakathini waseGibhithe. Thenga leli bhuku ukuze uhlole kabanzi ngefa le-Maat kanye nomthelela walo empucukweni yaseGibhithe. Masigqugquzelwe ukuhlakanipha kukaMaat ukwakha ikusasa lapho ukulingana, iqiniso, nobulungisa bukhona, ngaleyo ndlela siqhubekisele phambili ifa lakhe ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
1. Kuyini ukubaluleka kwe-Maat emlandweni waseGibhithe?
UMaat umele unkulunkulukazi wokuzwana kwendawo yonke, ubulungisa, ubulungisa, ukuthula, iqiniso, ukuhleleka komhlaba nokuziphatha ngokokuziphatha ngokwezinganekwane zaseGibhithe.
2. Yimiphi imibhalo echaza izimiso zeMaat?
Izimiso ze-Ma'at zichazwe emithethweni engu-42 ye-Ma'at, okuyiziqondiso zokuziphatha ezivela eGibhithe lasendulo, ezibalulekile ekufinyeleleni ukuphila kwangemva kokufa. Le mithetho ibalulwe ngaphansi kwegama elithi The Negative Confession kuyi-Nebseni papyrus.
3. Yiziphi izimiso ezibalulekile zempucuko yaseGibhithe ngokusho kukaMaat?
Izimiso ezibalulekile zihlanganisa ubulungisa neqiniso, ukuhleleka nokungenzeleli. I-Ma'at iyinsika yayo yonke imikhakha yempilo yaseGibhithe, ehlanganisa ezenkolo, indawo yonke, ezombusazwe, ezenhlalo nezomuntu siqu.
4. AbaseGibhithe babekubheka kanjani ukufa?
KwabaseGibhithe, ukufa kwakubhekwa njengendlela eya ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa, inkolelo eyayithonywe inganekwane ka-Osiris, ingxenye eyinhloko yenkolo yabo.
izithenjwa
[1] - https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/fr/1-15014/maat/
[2] - https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A2t
[3] - https://www.osirisnet.net/dieux/maat/maat.htm
[4] - https://histophile.com/dictionnaire/maat/
[5] - https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_de_l%27%C3%AAtre_dans_l%27%C3%89gypte_antique
[6] - https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/fr/1-15727/heka/
[7] - https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonctions_pharaoniques
[8] - https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/pharaon/3-le-garant-de-l-ordre-universel/
[9] - https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/3510
[10] - https://lyc-violletleduc.ac-versailles.fr/IMG/pdf/peseecoeuregypte.pdf
[11] - http://ancienegypte.fr/tribunal/balance.htm
[12] - https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugement_de_l%27%C3%A2me_(%C3%89gypte_antique)
