En NgoJanuwari odlule, uRosita Destival, oyinzalo yesigqila saseGuadeloupe, wanquma, esekelwa umkhandlu omele izinhlangano zabamnyama eFrance (CRAN), ukuthi ayise umbuso waseFrance enkantolo futhi wacela isinxephezelo ngamacala abhekiswe esintwini. Ngenxa yalokhu, incike kuMthetho No.
NgoMeyi 10, ngesikhathi soSuku lokukhumbula ukuqedwa kobugqila (umthetho waseTaubira wamukelwa yiSenethi ngoMeyi 10, 2001), iCRAN yamemezela ukuthi imangalela iCaisse des Imali kanye ne-Consignments emcela ukuthi athole isinxephezelo ngokuzicebisa kwakhe ngekhulu le-XNUMX ngenxa yezindleko zaseHaiti, ngokusizakala ngamacala abhekiswe kubantu: ukuhweba ngezigqila nobugqila.
Ubugqila baqedwa ngokuphelele eFrance ngo-1848. Kuyamangaza ukuthi izinyathelo zomthetho zalethwa ngo-2013, okuyiminyaka eyi-165 ngemuva kokuqedwa. Kepha akunangqondo yini ukuthi kwaze kwaba ngo-2001 lapho umthetho waseFrance waqaphela ukuthi ukuhweba ngezigqila nobugqila ngamacala abhekiswe esintwini?
Umthetho kaMeyi 2001 umele igxathu eliya phambili, akunakuphikwa, kepha kufanele sime lapho?
Ngabe inzalo yezisulu zokuhweba ngezigqila nobugqila ingayithola yini inkokhelo? Futhi uma kunjalo, hlobo luni?
Umbuzo "wokuhlawuliswa" ophakanyiswe iminyaka eminingana, uhlala uyindaba yokuphikisana. Ngakho-ke, umthetho ohlongozwayo weTaubira wawuhlanganisa nendatshana yesi-5 kufaka nendima ephathelene nokuhlawuliswa: "Kusungulwe ikomidi labantu abaqeqeshiwe elibhekele ukunquma umonakalo odalekile nokuhlola izimo zembuyiselo ngenxa yaleli cala". Le ndatshana yachithwa ekomitini lezomthetho futhi kwaba ngemuva kokususwa kwengxenye ephathelene nokukhokhelwa lapho umthetho waphasiswa ngazwilinye yiPhalamende [1].
Naphezu kwezinyathelo ezenziwa kule nkambu iminyaka eminingana, izimpendulo ezicelo zokulungiswa azishintshi kakhulu. Yingakho i-CRAN, efuna ingxabano ngalolu daba, inqume ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho.
Kuyini ukulungiswa?
Ngokomthetho, ukuhlawuliswa kuchazwa ngokuthi "amathuluzi wezomthetho, wokuziphatha, okokusebenza, amasiko noma okungokomfanekiso okwenziwe ukunxephezela ngemuva komonakalo omkhulu, iqembu lomphakathi noma inzalo yalo, ngakunye noma ngokubambisana" [2]. Imithethonqubo yamazwe omhlaba ihlinzeka ngokuhlawuliswa uma kwenzeka umonakalo omkhulu: ukubulawa kwabantu, ubugebengu bempi, ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini…. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, iFrance yathola imbuyiselo eJalimane ngomonakalo wempi.
Ubugebengu ngokumelene nomuntu abukhiphi lutho
ILouis-Georges Tin [3], umongameli we-CRAN, uphikisana nomqondo wokuthi izinhlawulo ezixhumene nobugqila azidingekile ngoba zihlobene neqiniso elidala kakhulu [4]. Ngokomthetho waseFrance nowamazwe omhlaba, ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini abuchazeki:
Umthetho no. 64-1326 we-December 26 1964kucatshangelwa ukungakwazi ukubhalwa kwamacala abhekiswe esintwini: "Amacala abhekiswe esintwini, njengoba kuchazwe yisinqumo seNhlangano Yezizwe sangoFebhuwari 13, 1946, kuqaphela incazelo yamacala obugebengu abhekene nesintu, njengoba kubonakala kumthetho-sisekelo wenkantolo yamazwe omhlaba ka-Agasti 8, 1945, ayinakulinganiswa ngokwemvelo yabo. " |
Ngakho-ke, ukucela isinxephezelo eminyakeni eyi-165 kamuva akulethi inkinga ngombono wezomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-LG Tin ikhumbula ukuthi esinye sezizathu zokungabhalakali kwecala elibhekiswe esintwini ukuthi ngenxa yobukhulu bomonakalo odalekile, isikhathi esiningi siyadingeka kubantu abanaso. ube yisisulu, ukuze alulame futhi akwazi ukufaka isikhalazo. Imvamisa kuthatha izizukulwane eziningana. Futhi kunjalo impela ngobugqila. Ngemuva kokuqedwa ngo-1848, izimpilo zabantu abakhululekile abasebenza emasimini zashintsha kancane. Azikho izindlela zezezimali abanikezwe zona, baqhubeka nokuxhashazwa futhi basebenzela labo ababengothisha babo amaholo obuphofu. Kodwa-ke, okuyindida ukuthi, ngo-1849 isinxephezelo sakhokhelwa abanikazi bezigqila ukubanxephezela ngokulahlekelwa “yithuluzi labo lokusebenza”… mahhala! Yizigqila ezathola izinhlawulo…! Kwababeyizigqila, ukuba "mahhala" kwakwanele…
- Ukuqedwa kobugqila eMartinique 23 May 1848
Ukulungiswa ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe
Le ndaba, okuxoxwe kancane ngayo eFrance, yaveza izingxoxo eziningi ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi somhlangano wesithathu womhlaba wokucwasana ngokobuhlanga owahlelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene, owawuseThekwini (eNingizimu Afrika) kusukela ngo-Agasti 31 kuya ku-Septhemba 8, 2001, Amazwe abona ukuthi "ubugqila nokushushumbiswa izigqila, ikakhulukazi i-transatlantic, zenza ubugebengu obumelene nesintu ”. Ukuthi “bayimithombo ephambili nokubonakaliswa kokucwasana ngokobuhlanga, ukucwaswa ngokobuhlanga, ukucwaswa kwabokufika nokungabekezelelani” nokuthi “izisulu zalezi zenzo ziyaqhubeka nokuhlupheka”.
Ingqungquthela Yomhlaba ngokumelene nobuhlanga, ukucwaswa ngokobuhlanga, ukucwaswa kwabantu nokuhlukumeza okuhlobene. ITheku (eNingizimu Afrika)
Agasti 31 - Septhemba 8, 2001 Isigaba 13. |
Kodwa-ke, lapho amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika ecela ukubuyiselwa okuvela emazweni ahlanganyela ekugqilazweni, amazwe aseYurophu aphikisana nalesi sicelo ...
Ukulungiswa okukodwa kuye kwafakwa eMelika
E-United States, kuphakanyiswe umbuzo wezinxephezelo kaningi: ngo-1865, ngesikhathi sokuqedwa kobugqila, kwethulwa izikweletu ngalolu daba, kepha uMongameli Andrew Johnson (owasekela ubugqila eningizimu) owangena esikhundleni sika-Abraham Lincoln ngemuva kokubulawa kwakhe, wakuphikisa kakhulu lokho [2]. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwenziwa izinyathelo eziningi ukuthola izinsizakalo zenzalo yezigqila. Kodwa-ke, amacala ambalwa kuphela aholela ekusikhenikeni.
UMartin Luther King, ethanda ukuhlawuliswa okuxhumene nobugqila, ukhumbule ukuthi "ubugqila bekungukuncishwa inkululeko nokuncishwa umholo [1]. Ngenkathi izigqila zikwazi ukunikela inzalo yazo, izigqila zazingadlulisela usizi lwazo kuphela. … Ayikho inqwaba yegolide, noma ngabe inkulu kangakanani, ezokwanela ukukhokhela ukuxhashazwa nokuthotshiswa kwabantu abamnyama eMelika phakathi namakhulu eminyaka… Kodwa-ke singayikhokha intengo yalokhu “kubambezeleka komholo” … Ukubuyiselwa kwemali yomonakalo okutholakele kuzoholela kuhlelo olukhulu lukahulumeni olusungula izinyathelo zesinxephezelo. "
Muva nje, lo mthethosivivinywa owethulwe okokuqala ngo-1989 yiLungu lePhalamende leDemocratic Alliance uJohn Conyers ucele ukuthi kusungulwe iKhomishini ezohlola ukubandlululwa ngokobuhlanga nangokwezomnotho kwabase-Afrika baseMelika ngenxa yobugqila (imiphumela ubugqila nokubandlululwa ezimpilweni zabo namuhla), ukuba semthethweni kwezinxephezelo, inani lazo kanye nemibandela yazo yokufaneleka [1]. Lo mthetho, ovuselelwe njalo kusukela ku-1989, uhlehlisiwe njalo. Kodwa-ke, isiphakamiso sikaJ. J. Conyers sinesizathu sokuthi sivuselele impikiswano njalo emphakathini.
Mhlawumbe maqondana nalokhu, kwaphasiswa umthetho obala mayelana nobugqila ngonyaka ka 2000 eCalifornia [1]. Lo mthetho wawufuna izinkampani zomshuwalense ezifisa ukusebenza nombuso ukuveza ukuthi ziye zazuza esikhathini esidlule kusukela ekuhwebeni kwezinceku. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi empeleni izinkampani eziningi ziye zathengisa umshwalense wezinsizakalo ezigqilazweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulahlekelwa kwabo lapho izigqila zilimala noma zibulawa. Ngakho lezi zinzuzo ezivela ebugqilini.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, imibhalo efanayo yadluliselwa kwamanye amazwe noma emadolobheni aseMelika ngaphandle kokuba ngumthetho wesifundazwe. Ngo 2005, kulandela umthetho Chicago, inkampani JP Morgan Chase, ehamba phambili amabhange utshalomali global, waphoqeleka ukuba avume ukuthi amabhange ezimbili Louisiana ngalo okwaqala ngayo, base ephethwe izigqila phakathi 1830 futhi 1865. Izigqila kokwamukelwa idiphozithi lapho elikhiphe ukubolekisa, ibhange waba umnikazi yezigqila lapho nabanikazi bamasimu bazithola okuzenzakalelayo. Ngemva kokusho lokhu, JP Morgan Chase uye wasungula uhlelo kwezigidi ezingu 5 ukulungisa ehlanganisa inikezwe imifundaze ukuze ithole Afrika intsha American e Louisiana. Ngokufanayo, amabhange US eziningana (Ibhange lase-America, Wachovia Corporation, Lehman Brothers ...), nowalahlwa yicala kokuba bazuza ebugqilini esikhathini esidlule, usethe izinhlelo isinxephezelo.
Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi akuyona into engafanele ukufuna nokuthola ukubuyiswa kokulimala okuhlobene nobugqila nakuba sekudlule iminyaka eminingi kusukela ekuqedeni ubugqila.
I-Haiti, umlando onzima kakhulu
Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani iCRAN imangalele iCaisse des Dépôts et Consignations (CDC) ngokuzicebisa ngokwenzakalisa iHaiti, kudingeka isikhumbuzi esingokomlando [5].
E-1776, isiqhingi saseSanto Domingo sasihlukaniswa saba izingxenye ezimbili, ingxenye esempumalanga, i-colony yesiFulentshi kanye nengxenye esentshonalanga, i-Spanish, enezikhulu kodwa ezincane kakhulu. Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kwakuyisikhathi sokuchuma okukhulu kweSanth Domingo yaseFrance, owokuqala ukuthumela eYurophu yekhofi, ushukela, indigo kanye nekotini. Umsebenzi wezigqila, ngokucindezela okukhulu kakhulu emasimini, wadlala indima ebalulekile kulokhu kuqoqwa kwengcebo.
Ngo-1789, abamhlophe abacishe babe ngama-25.000 bahlala endaweni yaseFrance yaseSanto Domingo: "Grands Blancs", abanikazi bamasimu, kanye ne "Little Whites", onxiwankulu nabantu bamadolobha, ama-Mulattoes angama-25.000 noma abamnyama abakhululekile nezigqila ezimnyama ezingama-400.000. I-French Revolution yasusa uthuthuva olubi esiqhingini: ukuphikisana nabaninimhlaba abakhulu ababehambisana nezicukuthwane, izimangalo ezilinganayo ze "Little Whites" kanye ne "Free of color", ukuvukela kwezigqila. Lokhu kuholele empini enobudlova enkulu yokuzibusa kusuka ku-1791, ngokungenelela kwamabutho amaNgisi nawaseSpain, kanye nokungena kwamandla kaToussaint Louverture.
Ezinye izikhathi ezibalulekile zokuguquka kweHaiti
• I-Convention inikeza abantu abamnyama inkululeko ku-1793 namalungelo wepolitiki afanayo e-1794. |
Ngo-1825, iFrance yaqaphela ukuzimela kweHaiti kodwa "ngombandela wokuthi izakhamizi zengxenye yaseFrance yaseSaint Domingue zikhokhe isamba sama-franc ayizigidi eziyi-150 okuhloswe ngaso ukunxephezela ababengamakholoni ababezofuna isibopho" (umthetho wango-Ephreli 17 1825 esayinwe nguCharles X). Lo myalo uhambisana nokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi yempi eyi-14 eCaribbean futhi uMongameli waseHaiti, uJean-Pierre Boyer, uphoqeleka ukuba amukele. Lesi sibambiso simele umthwalo ocindezelayo we-republic encane echithwe yiminyaka engamashumi amabili yombango wangaphakathi. Izokwehliswa ibe ama-franc angamagciwane angama-90 wezigidi (okusho ukuthi iminyaka eyisithupha yemali yesabelomali yezwe laseHaiti) sibonga "iSivumelwano Sobungane" esasayinwa ngoFebhuwari 6 noLouis-Philippe. Ingxenye esempumalanga yalesi siqhingi, eyayiyikoloni laseSpain, yenqaba ukubamba iqhaza ekukhokhweni kwesinxephezelo esasinikezwe labo ababengamakoloni baseFrance futhi yahlukaniswa ngo-1838 ukuphinda iqale imingcele yayo yangaphambilini ka-1844.
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Izici
Usuku lokukhulula | 2013-04-24T00:00:01Z |
Ulimi | Français |
Inombolo yamakhasi isihlangane | 176 |
Usuku lokushicilela | 2013-04-24T00:00:01Z |