Ngabe kufanele yini ukuthi inkokhelo yenzelwe ubugqila?

En ngoJanuwari owedlule, uRosita Destival, inzalo yaseGuadeloupe yezigqila, wanquma, esekelwa yi-Representative Council of Black Associations eFrance (CRAN), ukuthi alethe iFrance State ngobulungiswa futhi wacela inxephezelo ngamacala obuntu. Kulokhu, bekuncike eMthethweni No. 2001-434 mhlaka 21 Meyi 2001, owaziwa nge "Taubira Law", obona ukuthi ukuhweba ngezigqila kanye nobugqila kuyicala lobugebengu.

NgoMeyi 10, ngesikhathi soSuku lokukhumbula ukuqedwa kobugqila (umthetho waseTaubira wamukelwa yiSenethi ngoMeyi 10, 2001), iCRAN yamemezela ukuthi imangalela iCaisse des Imali kanye ne-Consignments emcela ukuthi athole isinxephezelo ngokuzicebisa kwakhe ngekhulu le-XNUMX ngenxa yezindleko zaseHaiti, ngokusizakala ngamacala abhekiswe kubantu: ukuhweba ngezigqila nobugqila.

Ubugqila baqedwa ngokuphelele eFrance ngo-1848. Kuyamangaza ukuthi izinyathelo zomthetho zalethwa ngo-2013, okuyiminyaka eyi-165 ngemuva kokuqedwa. Kepha akunangqondo yini ukuthi kwaze kwaba ngo-2001 lapho umthetho waseFrance waqaphela ukuthi ukuhweba ngezigqila nobugqila ngamacala abhekiswe esintwini?

Umthetho kaMeyi 2001 umele igxathu eliya phambili, akunakuphikwa, kepha kufanele sime lapho?

Ngabe inzalo yezisulu zokuhweba ngezigqila nobugqila ingayithola yini inkokhelo? Futhi uma kunjalo, hlobo luni?

Umbuzo "wokuhlawuliswa" ophakanyiswe iminyaka eminingana, uhlala uyindaba yokuphikisana. Ngakho-ke, umthetho ohlongozwayo weTaubira wawuhlanganisa nendatshana yesi-5 kufaka nendima ephathelene nokuhlawuliswa: "Kusungulwe ikomidi labantu abaqeqeshiwe elibhekele ukunquma umonakalo odalekile nokuhlola izimo zembuyiselo ngenxa yaleli cala". Le ndatshana yachithwa ekomitini lezomthetho futhi kwaba ngemuva kokususwa kwengxenye ephathelene nokukhokhelwa lapho umthetho waphasiswa ngazwilinye yiPhalamende [1].

Naphezu kwezinyathelo ezenziwa kule nkambu iminyaka eminingana, izimpendulo ezicelo zokulungiswa azishintshi kakhulu. Yingakho i-CRAN, efuna ingxabano ngalolu daba, inqume ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho.

Kuyini ukulungiswa?

Ngokomthetho, ukuhlawuliswa kuchazwa ngokuthi "amathuluzi wezomthetho, wokuziphatha, okokusebenza, amasiko noma okungokomfanekiso okwenziwe ukunxephezela ngemuva komonakalo omkhulu, iqembu lomphakathi noma inzalo yalo, ngakunye noma ngokubambisana" [2]. Imithethonqubo yamazwe omhlaba ihlinzeka ngokuhlawuliswa uma kwenzeka umonakalo omkhulu: ukubulawa kwabantu, ubugebengu bempi, ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini…. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, iFrance yathola imbuyiselo eJalimane ngomonakalo wempi.

Ubugebengu ngokumelene nomuntu abukhiphi lutho

ILouis-Georges Tin [3], umongameli we-CRAN, uphikisana nomqondo wokuthi izinhlawulo ezixhumene nobugqila azidingekile ngoba zihlobene neqiniso elidala kakhulu [4]. Ngokomthetho waseFrance nowamazwe omhlaba, ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini abuchazeki:

Ngakho-ke, ukucela isinxephezelo eminyakeni eyi-165 kamuva akulethi inkinga ngombono wezomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-LG Tin ikhumbula ukuthi esinye sezizathu zokungabhalakali kwecala elibhekiswe esintwini ukuthi ngenxa yobukhulu bomonakalo odalekile, isikhathi esiningi siyadingeka kubantu abanaso. ube yisisulu, ukuze alulame futhi akwazi ukufaka isikhalazo. Imvamisa kuthatha izizukulwane eziningana. Futhi kunjalo impela ngobugqila. Ngemuva kokuqedwa ngo-1848, izimpilo zabantu abakhululekile abasebenza emasimini zashintsha kancane. Azikho izindlela zezezimali abanikezwe zona, baqhubeka nokuxhashazwa futhi basebenzela labo ababengothisha babo amaholo obuphofu. Kodwa-ke, okuyindida ukuthi, ngo-1849 isinxephezelo sakhokhelwa abanikazi bezigqila ukubanxephezela ngokulahlekelwa “yithuluzi labo lokusebenza”… mahhala! Yizigqila ezathola izinhlawulo…! Kwababeyizigqila, ukuba "mahhala" kwakwanele…

Ukuqedwa kobugqila eMartinique 23 May 1848

Ukulungiswa ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe

Le ndaba, okuxoxwe kancane ngayo eFrance, yaveza izingxoxo eziningi ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi somhlangano wesithathu womhlaba wokucwasana ngokobuhlanga owahlelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene, owawuseThekwini (eNingizimu Afrika) kusukela ngo-Agasti 31 kuya ku-Septhemba 8, 2001, Amazwe abona ukuthi "ubugqila nokushushumbiswa izigqila, ikakhulukazi i-transatlantic, zenza ubugebengu obumelene nesintu ”. Ukuthi “bayimithombo ephambili nokubonakaliswa kokucwasana ngokobuhlanga, ukucwaswa ngokobuhlanga, ukucwaswa kwabokufika nokungabekezelelani” nokuthi “izisulu zalezi zenzo ziyaqhubeka nokuhlupheka”.

Kodwa-ke, lapho amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika ecela ukubuyiselwa okuvela emazweni ahlanganyela ekugqilazweni, amazwe aseYurophu aphikisana nalesi sicelo ...

 Ukulungiswa okukodwa kuye kwafakwa eMelika

E-United States, kuphakanyiswe umbuzo wezinxephezelo kaningi: ngo-1865, ngesikhathi sokuqedwa kobugqila, kwethulwa izikweletu ngalolu daba, kepha uMongameli Andrew Johnson (owasekela ubugqila eningizimu) owangena esikhundleni sika-Abraham Lincoln ngemuva kokubulawa kwakhe, wakuphikisa kakhulu lokho [2]. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwenziwa izinyathelo eziningi ukuthola izinsizakalo zenzalo yezigqila. Kodwa-ke, amacala ambalwa kuphela aholela ekusikhenikeni.

UMartin Luther King, ethanda ukuhlawuliswa okuxhumene nobugqila, ukhumbule ukuthi "ubugqila bekungukuncishwa inkululeko nokuncishwa umholo [1]. Ngenkathi izigqila zikwazi ukunikela inzalo yazo, izigqila zazingadlulisela usizi lwazo kuphela. … Ayikho inqwaba yegolide, noma ngabe inkulu kangakanani, ezokwanela ukukhokhela ukuxhashazwa nokuthotshiswa kwabantu abamnyama eMelika phakathi namakhulu eminyaka… Kodwa-ke singayikhokha intengo yalokhu “kubambezeleka komholo” … Ukubuyiselwa kwemali yomonakalo okutholakele kuzoholela kuhlelo olukhulu lukahulumeni olusungula izinyathelo zesinxephezelo. "

Muva nje, lo mthethosivivinywa owethulwe okokuqala ngo-1989 yiLungu lePhalamende leDemocratic Alliance uJohn Conyers ucele ukuthi kusungulwe iKhomishini ezohlola ukubandlululwa ngokobuhlanga nangokwezomnotho kwabase-Afrika baseMelika ngenxa yobugqila (imiphumela ubugqila nokubandlululwa ezimpilweni zabo namuhla), ukuba semthethweni kwezinxephezelo, inani lazo kanye nemibandela yazo yokufaneleka [1]. Lo mthetho, ovuselelwe njalo kusukela ku-1989, uhlehlisiwe njalo. Kodwa-ke, isiphakamiso sikaJ. J. Conyers sinesizathu sokuthi sivuselele impikiswano njalo emphakathini.

Mhlawumbe maqondana nalokhu, kwaphasiswa umthetho obala mayelana nobugqila ngonyaka ka 2000 eCalifornia [1]. Lo mthetho wawufuna izinkampani zomshuwalense ezifisa ukusebenza nombuso ukuveza ukuthi ziye zazuza esikhathini esidlule kusukela ekuhwebeni kwezinceku. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi empeleni izinkampani eziningi ziye zathengisa umshwalense wezinsizakalo ezigqilazweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulahlekelwa kwabo lapho izigqila zilimala noma zibulawa. Ngakho lezi zinzuzo ezivela ebugqilini.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, imibhalo efanayo yadluliselwa kwamanye amazwe noma emadolobheni aseMelika ngaphandle kokuba ngumthetho wesifundazwe. Ngo 2005, kulandela umthetho Chicago, inkampani JP Morgan Chase, ehamba phambili amabhange utshalomali global, waphoqeleka ukuba avume ukuthi amabhange ezimbili Louisiana ngalo okwaqala ngayo, base ephethwe izigqila phakathi 1830 futhi 1865. Izigqila kokwamukelwa idiphozithi lapho elikhiphe ukubolekisa, ibhange waba umnikazi yezigqila lapho nabanikazi bamasimu bazithola okuzenzakalelayo. Ngemva kokusho lokhu, JP Morgan Chase uye wasungula uhlelo kwezigidi ezingu 5 ukulungisa ehlanganisa inikezwe imifundaze ukuze ithole Afrika intsha American e Louisiana. Ngokufanayo, amabhange US eziningana (Ibhange lase-America, Wachovia Corporation, Lehman Brothers ...), nowalahlwa yicala kokuba bazuza ebugqilini esikhathini esidlule, usethe izinhlelo isinxephezelo.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi akuyona into engafanele ukufuna nokuthola ukubuyiswa kokulimala okuhlobene nobugqila nakuba sekudlule iminyaka eminingi kusukela ekuqedeni ubugqila.

I-Haiti, umlando onzima kakhulu

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani iCRAN imangalele iCaisse des Dépôts et Consignations (CDC) ngokuzicebisa ngokwenzakalisa iHaiti, kudingeka isikhumbuzi esingokomlando [5].

E-1776, isiqhingi saseSanto Domingo sasihlukaniswa saba izingxenye ezimbili, ingxenye esempumalanga, i-colony yesiFulentshi kanye nengxenye esentshonalanga, i-Spanish, enezikhulu kodwa ezincane kakhulu. Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kwakuyisikhathi sokuchuma okukhulu kweSanth Domingo yaseFrance, owokuqala ukuthumela eYurophu yekhofi, ushukela, indigo kanye nekotini. Umsebenzi wezigqila, ngokucindezela okukhulu kakhulu emasimini, wadlala indima ebalulekile kulokhu kuqoqwa kwengcebo.

Ngo-1789, abamhlophe abacishe babe ngama-25.000 bahlala endaweni yaseFrance yaseSanto Domingo: "Grands Blancs", abanikazi bamasimu, kanye ne "Little Whites", onxiwankulu nabantu bamadolobha, ama-Mulattoes angama-25.000 noma abamnyama abakhululekile nezigqila ezimnyama ezingama-400.000. I-French Revolution yasusa uthuthuva olubi esiqhingini: ukuphikisana nabaninimhlaba abakhulu ababehambisana nezicukuthwane, izimangalo ezilinganayo ze "Little Whites" kanye ne "Free of color", ukuvukela kwezigqila. Lokhu kuholele empini enobudlova enkulu yokuzibusa kusuka ku-1791, ngokungenelela kwamabutho amaNgisi nawaseSpain, kanye nokungena kwamandla kaToussaint Louverture.

Ngo-1825, iFrance yaqaphela ukuzimela kweHaiti kodwa "ngombandela wokuthi izakhamizi zengxenye yaseFrance yaseSaint Domingue zikhokhe isamba sama-franc ayizigidi eziyi-150 okuhloswe ngaso ukunxephezela ababengamakholoni ababezofuna isibopho" (umthetho wango-Ephreli 17 1825 esayinwe nguCharles X). Lo myalo uhambisana nokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi yempi eyi-14 eCaribbean futhi uMongameli waseHaiti, uJean-Pierre Boyer, uphoqeleka ukuba amukele. Lesi sibambiso simele umthwalo ocindezelayo we-republic encane echithwe yiminyaka engamashumi amabili yombango wangaphakathi. Izokwehliswa ibe ama-franc angamagciwane angama-90 wezigidi (okusho ukuthi iminyaka eyisithupha yemali yesabelomali yezwe laseHaiti) sibonga "iSivumelwano Sobungane" esasayinwa ngoFebhuwari 6 noLouis-Philippe. Ingxenye esempumalanga yalesi siqhingi, eyayiyikoloni laseSpain, yenqaba ukubamba iqhaza ekukhokhweni kwesinxephezelo esasinikezwe labo ababengamakoloni baseFrance futhi yahlukaniswa ngo-1838 ukuphinda iqale imingcele yayo yangaphambilini ka-1844.

Caisse des emadepho et Consignations, isikhungo sezezimali somphakathi esiqokiwe ukuqoqa ukukhokha isinxephezelo ucele Haiti egameni isimo French. Ukuze ukhokhele leli nani, abantu Haitian baye aboleka kuze 1946.

Kusukela lapho, abantu baseHaiti bayaqhubeka nokufuna ukubuyiselwa kwale ntela, imali ebuyekeziwe manje esime ku- $ 21 billion. Njengoba uLouis-Georges Tin egcizelela: “Icala eliyingqayizivele emlandweni, kwakuyizisulu zobugqila ezazinxephezela labo ababebhekene naleli cala elibhekiswe esintwini. Ngemuva kokukhokhwa kwalesi sikweletu, iHaiti yaqiniswa isikhathi eside ukwehla kwesikweletu eseqile, ubumpofu kanye nokungazinzi [6]. "

Kungalesi sizathu i-CRAN yafaka isimangalo ngoMeyi 10, 2013 nge-CDC, sayisola ngokuthi yazicebisa ngekhulu le-10 leminyaka ngenxa yobugqila. Ngempela, i-CRAN ilinganisela ukuthi uma le nhlangano yabela ingxenye yalezo zimali kulabo ababengabatshali baseSanto Domingo, abaningi babo abakwazanga ukuthola isinxephezelo, futhi ingxenye yemali yagcinwa. Izimangalo ze-CRAN yilezi: “okokuqala, cela ubungoti bezomthetho ukuze kuhlolwe umonakalo wezinto ezibonakalayo nenani lesinxephezelo okufanele likhokhwe esikhwameni sezinxephezelo sezisulu zaseHaiti. "Okwesibili, cela iCDC" ukuthi inikeze okungenani ama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-XNUMX esikhwameni semali sokuxhasa ucwaningo ngobugqila [7] ”.

Mayelana nesikweletu seHaiti [*], ngo-2003, uChristiane Taubira, owayeyilungu lePhalamende laseGuyana ngaleso sikhathi, wayethumele umbuzo obhaliwe kuNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle, uDominique de Villepin [8]. Ucele ukuthi ngesikhathi se-bicentenary yeRiphabhulikhi yaseHaiti, eFrance "ngesenzo sobukhulu" achithe "isivumelwano sikaFebhuwari 18, 1838" futhi "abuyise inkokhiso ekhokhelwe ... Iminyaka elinganiselwa ku-6 Imali engenayo yesabelomali sikaHaiti ingasebenza njengesisekelo sokuhlola. Lesi senzo sokubuyiselwa kufanele sinikele ekuvuseleleni okusha esimweni samasiko nesifunda saseHaiti ”. Impendulo yayingeyinhle ngebhaxa lokuthi "selokhu kubuyiswe ukuhleleka komthethosisekelo eHaiti ngo-1994, (iFrance) inikeze izwe lama-euro ayizigidi ezingama-83 ... Ngeshwa-ke imiphumela embalwa ebhalwe phansi yentuthuko. Ukubusa okungekuhle nokonakala kwezokuphepha, okuxhumene nenkinga enkulu yezombusazwe yamanje, kwenza ukubambisana kwangempela nohulumeni waseHaiti kube nzima kakhulu, esimweni sezindaba samanje ”!

 [9] Lapho kukhulunywa ngenhlawulo, umuntu ucabanga kuphela ngenhlawulo yezimali ngayinye yenzalo yezigqila. Empeleni, isicelo se-CRAN sibanzi kakhulu futhi sicabanga izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphindisela ezingasizana: umuntu ngamunye noma ngokuhlanganyela, ezezimali, isimilo nomhlaba.

• Ukulungiswa kwemali ngabanye

Ngenkathi i-CRAN ingagcini ngokucela ukukhokhelwa ngakunye kwezezimali, ikubheka njengokufanelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unxuse wonke amadodana namadodakazi ezigqila ukuba afake isikhalazo futhi esekela zonke izimangalo ezingaba khona, njengoba enza ngoJanuwari 2013 ngeRosita Destival. Angafakazela ukuthi wayeyinzalo yezigqila ngoba wathola isitifiketi sokukhululwa sangonyaka we-1837, esivela kokhokho bakhe abayizigqila [10].

• Ukulungiswa kwemali ndawonye

Ubani ongacela ukulungiswa? - Ezinkampanini ezicebile ngenxa yobugqila nokuhweba ngezigqila, kanye / noma naseMazweni abambe iqhaza kuwo. Zombili lezi zixazululo zingabhekwa.

Njengoba kwenziwa e-United States, bekuzokwazi ukunquma eFrance ukuthi yiziphi izinkampani ezihlomula ebugqilini. Kutholakale kahle ukuthi amachweba amaningi aseFrance anjengeNantes, iBordeaux, iLa Rochelle, iLe Havre… abambe iqhaza elibonakalayo ekuhwebeni okungunxantathu [11] (bheka ngezansi) nezinkampani ezihilelekile ziyaziwa kahle. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhweba ngezigqila kwakungokomthetho futhi kubhekwa "ukuhweba" okuhwebayo. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka, ngenxa yokubhaliswa kwezezimali okugcinwe kahle, ukusetha ngokunembile inani lokuthunyelwa kanye nokulinganisa inani lezigqila ezixoshiwe (bheka itafula ekhasini elilandelayo).

Njengoba uLouis-Georges Tin asho: “Kuyiqiniso ukuthi abenzi bobubi kade bafa futhi icala abanalo njengefa, kodwa inzuzo etholakala ngokuhweba ngezigqila nobugqila ayikapheli. Baqoqwe ngokucophelela futhi bakhulile. Kusekhona izinkampani eFrance ezihlomulile kuleli cala elibhekiswe esintwini. Izinkampani ezihlomule ebugqilini zingacelwa ukuthi zikhokhe u-1% wenzuzo yazo ukuze zilungiswe. Lezi zimali ezikhokhelwe isisekelo zizozinikela ezenzweni zenhlalo nezemfundo ngokubhekisele enzalweni yezigqila "[4].

• Ukulungiswa kokuziphatha

ukukhanda ukuziphatha akusho ukuphenduka, njengoba i-LG Tin icacisa: “Asiceli ukuphenduka okuwumbono ukuziphatha nezenkolo. Sicela izinhlawulo ezinenani elisemthethweni nelezepolitiki.2]. Njengoba u-Aimé Césaire asho ngo-2005: “Ngifuna ukucabanga ngendlela yokuziphatha kunokucabanga kwezentengiselwano. "U-Aimé Césaire ubengaphikisani nokulungiswa, kodwa ebengafuni ukubabona bencishiselwa emkhakheni wabo wokubalwa kwezimali ngoba" Isenzo asisoze saqedwa. Awunakulungiswa ”. Ukukhokhwa kwesinxephezelo ngeke kuwucishe umonakalo osuwenzile: “AbaseNtshonalanga kumele benze okuthile, basize amazwe ukuthi athuthuke, ukuze bazalwe kabusha. Kuyisizo esifanele ukusithola, kodwa angikholwa ukuthi kunombhalo ongawethula ukuze ulungiswe ”12].

Ukuhlawuliswa kwesimilo empeleni kuyisikhumbuzo, ngokwesibonelo, ukwenziwa eFrance kwesigcinamagugu sobugqila njengoba bekulokhu kube khona kusukela ngo-Agasti 2007 eLiverpool (umnyuziyamu wamanye amazwe). Njengamanje, izindawo ezimbalwa ezinikezelwe ukukhumbula ubugqila yilezi: isikhumbuzo sokuqedwa kobugqila esamiswa ngo-2012 eNantes (isithombe esiphambene), isikhumbuzo seCap 110 e-Anse Caffard eMartinique, isikhumbuzo ukusuka ePitit-Canal kuya eLa Guadeloupe nakwamanye amapuleti esikhumbuzo lapha nalaphaya. Ngakho-ke, ngoMeyi 23, ngesikhathi sosuku lokukhumbula izisulu zobugqila, kwavulwa izikhumbuzo ezimbili ngenhloso yokuhlonipha izisulu zobugqila: esisodwa eSarcelles (95), esinye eSaint -UDenis (93).

EPointe-e-Pitre, Guadeloupe Prefecture, uMthetho ISikhumbuzo (Caribbean Centre yokukhuluma kanye inkumbulo kushushunjiswa nokugqilazwa) Kwakhiwani esizeni i ushukela izindlu ubudala futhi kufanele gcwaliswa ekugcineni 2014- qala i-2015. Le projekthi beziphakamisa asekelwe nguNgqongqoshe Overseas Territories, Victorin Lurel, kufanele kuholele eziyinkimbinkimbi enkulu elalinikezelwe inkumbulo, ulwazi, ulwazi kanye nocwaningo zomlando nokushushumbiswa kanye nobugqila.

ISikhumbuzo sokuqedwa kobugqila eNantes

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iKomidi leMemori kanye Nomlando Wobugqila (CPMHE) lasungulwa ngonyaka we-2004 kusetshenziswa umthetho weTaubira. Umongameli wayo uqokwa nguNdunankulu. "I-CPMHE idlala indima yokweluleka kuhulumeni ezindabeni eziphathelene nocwaningo, ukufundisa, ukongiwa kwemvelo, ukusatshalaliswa noma ukudluliswa komlando nezinkumbulo zokuhweba ngezigqila, ubugqila nokuqedwa kwazo. ". [14]

Ezinye izinhlobo zokubuyiswa kwezimilo nezemfundo zaphakanyiswa yiCRAN encwadini eyayibhekiswe kuNdunankulu ngo-Okthoba 20122. Isibonelo: "ukuthuthukisa izifundo zesikole ukuze kubhekwe kangcono amaqiniso amakoloni nangemuva kwamakoloni", " ukugqugquzela izifundo kanye nocwaningo ngezindaba zamakholoni nangemuva kwamakoloni ”," kusungulwe izinhlelo zokuqeqesha emaphoyiseni, kwezobulungiswa nakwezempi ukuze kuliwe nokucwaswa kwabantu abavela emakoloni angaphambilini "," mema amadolobha ukuthi akhombe futhi aqambe kabusha izindawo nezakhiwo ezinamagama ezinsila ”…

• Amakhambi omhlaba

Kwi-CRAN, "inguquko kwezolimo eminyangweni nezindawo zaphesheya kwezilwandle kungabhekwa njengokuhlose ukwaba umhlaba ongaphansi koMbuso".

Ngokuvumelana nalesi siphakamiso, uChristiane Taubira, uNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa, wamemezela ngoMeyi 12, 2013, enkulumweni abe nayo neJournal du dimanche [15], vuna inqubomgomo yomhlaba evuna inzalo yezigqila eminyangweni nasemasimini aseFrance aphesheya kwezilwandle: “Ezingxenyeni Zaphesheya kwezilwandle kuthathwe umhlaba. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngokujwayelekile, inzalo yezigqila inokufinyelela okuncane komhlaba.

Ngakho-ke kufanele sibheke, ngaphandle kokuvula impi yombango, ukuqiniswa komhlaba, nezinqubomgomo zomhlaba. Kunezinto okufanele zenziwe ngaphandle kokudliwa komhlaba, zichaze ngokusobala ukuthi iyini incazelo yesenzo somphakathi esingahle sibe nokuthenga umhlaba. EGuyana, uMbuso wawusuphethe umhlaba wedwa, kuzoba lula. E-Antilles, ingaphezu kwayo yonke inzalo "yamakhosi" agcine umhlaba, kungaba nzima kakhulu ukuwenza ".

ULouis-Georges Tin ubheka ukuthi kungadingeka ukuthi “kwenziwe uHlelo lukaMarshall lwangempela lwezindawo ezingaphesheya kwezilwandle zaseFrance ukuze izinkomba zezomnotho zifinyelele ezingeni lalabo abaseFrance ngokushesha okukhulu. Kufanele futhi siyiqede imikhuba yezolimo enobuthi emasimini azuzwe njengefa kusukela ezikhathini zamakoloni, sigxeke labo abanomthwalo wemfanelo futhi sinxephezele izisulu ”2].

Ngakho-ke kubonakala sengathi lesi sidingo sokulungiswa siphumelele ngaphezu kokubuyiselwa kwezidingo zezimali. Empeleni ihlanganiswe nemibandela yezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho kanye nezomuntu we-DOM-TOM abantu abavela ezigqila.

Imibono ehlukahlukene

I-CRAN, ngokusebenza kwayo okusebenzayo, ibeka ngokwaso njengesihogo esiyinhloko ngesidingo sokubuyiswa okuhlobene nobugqila. Isenzo salo siphumele enkulumweni. Ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngaphambi kwale nyanga kaMeyi 2013, ukubuyiswa okuhlobene nokugqila kwakukhulunywe njalo, ngisho noma amanye amazwi abezwa eveza Umbono uhlukile kancane kuleyo ye-CRAN.

Okwe-Myriam Cottias [16], isazi-mlando nomongameli kusukela ngoMeyi 10, 2013 weNational Committee for the Memory and History of Slavery (CNMHE): "Ukuthi umbuzo wokubuyiselwa kwemali uyabuzwa, ngiyakuqonda, kepha izigxobo kuningi okusamele kusetshenzelwe kuzo silwe nokumelwa ngokobuhlanga, ngokobuhlanga kwabantu abavela ebugqilini. Udaba olubaluleke kakhulu kwezomphakathi nakwezombusazwe ”7].

Kakade ngo-2012, uFrançoise Vergès, usosayensi wezepolitiki waseReunion Island nowayengumongameli we-CNMHE, uzwakalise ukungabaza: “Kimina kungcono ukuthi ukuhlawuliswa kube yizinqubomgomo zomphakathi: izinhlelo zocwaningo, imfundo, izincwadi zesikole, izikhungo. imibhalo, ukunaka abantu abathinteka kakhulu ”[17].

NgoSudel Fuma, isazi-mlando saseReunion Island: “Ukuziphindiselela ngezinto ezibonakalayo nakwezemali kungokwesibili kimi ngomqondo wokuthi asisoze sakwazi ukunxephezela yonke inzalo yezigqila. Ngicabanga ukuthi nakho kuwukuhlasela, futhi ngikhuluma ngazodwana, nginesithunzi sami njengendoda. Ngomqondo wokuthi asisoze sakhulula ukuhlupheka kokhokho bami. Futhi-ke ezingeni loMbuso, ukulungiswa kufanele kwenziwe kodwa ngenye indlela: ezingeni lemfundo ethandwayo. Imayelana nokugcizelela ulwazi, imfundo, isiko ... Ngokusikhumbuza ukuthi asibakhohlwanga okhokho bethu, ngokubhala umlando wabo, ngokulungisa lokhu okwedlule. Ngakho-ke kuyinto ukukhanda ukuziphatha… Angilahli i-CRAN ikakhulukazi noma ezinye izinhlangano. Ikakhulukazi hhayi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngikholwa ukuthi izidingo zembuyiselo abazenzayo ziyaqondakala ngoba kube khona ukuhlupheka nokukhungatheka. Futhi ngithi isenzo sabo sinomthelela ekuqwashiseni abantu ”18].

Ngabe izicelo zokulungiswa zinethuba lokuphumelela?

Akekho ongakwazi ngokuphikisana ukuphikisa izicelo zokubuyiswa kokuziphatha, ngakho-ke kuvame ukuphikisa ukulungiswa kwezimali ngokukhomba ukuthi kunzima ukubonisa, ngokusebenzisa imibhalo efanele, iqiniso lokuthi empeleni livela ezincekwini. .

Ngakho-ke, uFrançois Hollande ekungeneleleni kwakhe ngoMeyi 10, ngesikhathi kukhunjulwa uSuku Lukazwelonke Lwezinkumbulo Zokuhweba Ngezigqila, Ubugqila Nokuqedwa Kwazo, Waphikelela Emsebenzini Wokukhumbula Ezindabeni Zobugqila Wabala amasayithi anikezelwe kwimemori yawo. Kodwa-ke, uphendule kabi mayelana nokukhokhelwa ngokwezezimali, evusa "inkokhelo engenakwenzeka" futhi wakholwa ukuthi "Umlando awusuli. Akunakuba yinto yokuthengiselana ekugcineni kwe-akhawunti engaba kuwo wonke amaphuzu angenakwenzeka ukusungula. Okuwukuphela kwento ukukhetha ngayo inkumbulo, ukuqapha nokudlulisa ”. [19]

Eqinisweni, lokhu kuhlukaniswa phakathi kokukhanda ukuziphatha futhi izimali zisebenza kakhulu, ngoba ukubuyiswa kokuziphatha kunemali, kungaba ukwakha izikhumbuzo, ukukhuthaza ucwaningo kanye namaphrojekthi ezemfundo. Ngokufanayo, ukubuyiswa kwezimali kunenani elikhuluukuziphatha [2]. Ngakho-ke, lapho uFrançois Hollande ememezela kulokhu kungenelela ukuthi uHulumeni uzobamba iqhaza eSikhumbuzweni ACTe Pointe-à-Pitre (okwamanje sisekelwa yiSifunda saseGuadeloupe kuphela), kokubili ukubuyiswa ukuziphatha kanye nezimali. Uma kubalulekile ukuthi i-Overseas ibe nendawo ezinikezelwe emlandweni wayo, kuyadabukisa ukuthi le myuziyamu ayizange iqalwe emadolobheni amakhulu, lapho kunesidingo sokwenzela abantu baseMetropolitans lesi sabelo Umlando waseFrance awufundanga kakhulu.

Yini okufanele uphethe ngayo ngokuhlawuliswa okuxhunyaniswe nobugqila?

• Ukuthi ubugqila nokuhweba ngezigqila kwakuyisinengiso? - Akekho ongakuphikisa lokho. Kulabo abaphendula ukuthi ubugqila bekulokhu bukhona, sizophendula ukuthi ukuhweba ngezigqila nobugqila be-transatlantic, noma kunjalo, kunezici ezithile. Ngempela, aziveli ekuqhubekeni komlando, kepha zanqunywa ngokungakhathali ngezizathu zomnotho: ukuthola umsebenzi oshibhile, omelana kakhulu kunabantu baseMelika abaqothulwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.

Lesi siminyaminya sinengeka kakhulu ngoba sasisekelwe esigabeni sabantu bezinhlanga naseqinisweni lokuthi izigqila zazithathwa ngokweBlack Code yango-1685 "njengezinto ezihambayo".

• Ukuthi ukulungiswa kufanelekile? - Yebo, ngaphandle kokungabaza.

• Ngayiphi indlela? - Labo abashokobezi bale mpi abazokwazi ukubathola, noma ngabe kungukukhokhelwa ngakunye kwezezimali lapho inzalo yezigqila inesibindi sokuya enkantolo, noma ngokuhlanganyela, lapho kungenzeka khona ukukhombisa ukuthi inkampani Owesifazane waseFrance wathola ukubonga okucebile ebugqilini.

Ukwakhiwa kwemyuziyamu yobugqila noma okungenani amahholo ombukiso onomphela kule ndaba e-Quai Branly Museum, isibonelo, kufanele kube sobala. Kuyafana nokukhuthazwa kocwaningo ngalolu daba.

Futhi sizophetha noLouis-Georges Tin: “Isidingo somvuzo asihlosile ukuqinisa inzondo emphakathini. Eminyangweni yaphesheya kwezilwandle, le mibuzo isengumthombo wentukuthelo ... Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-160 ngemuva kokuqedwa, umongo usashubile ... Umuzwa wokungabi nabulungisa unamandla, ukubusa kwamakoloni, ukubuswa ngokobuhlanga futhi ukubusa kwezomnotho okuhlanganisa imiphumela yabo emibi. Ukubeka umqondo wokulungisa kuzokwenza ukuthi kuphume phezulu kule mpikiswano engokomlando. Kungathatha inqubo enezinyathelo ezintathu: ukuqashelwa, ukukhokhelwa kanye nokubuyisana. Ukwamukelwa kobugqila njengecala elibhekiswe esintwini kwatholwa ngumthetho waseTaubira. Ukubuyisana kwangempela, okuyinjongo enkulu, angeke kufezeke ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwangempela ”[2].