En ukuphambuka ezindinganisweni zabasebenzi zamazwe omhlaba, i-Afrika eseNingizimu yeSahara iphinde ibe ngukuhluka komthetho ekuchazeni indlela yayo. Njengoba imisebenzi eminingi yezomnotho e-Afrika ingekho emthethweni futhi cishe u-80% we-GDP uqhamuka emkhakheni ongakahleleki, izingqapheli kanye nochwepheshe baphoqeleka ukuthi bakwenze okusemthethweni njengokwejwayelekile, isib. lapho kwakuzokwenziwa khona ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlelo zezomnotho zase-Afrika.
Ekuqaleni, isici sezomnotho (1) sasiyisona sinqumo esikhulu sokuhlaziywa komkhakha ongakahleleki, isisekelo sezemfundo namasiko (2), kepha, kukhanyisa ukuhlaziywa kusuka kolunye uhlangothi.
Ezingeni lezomnotho, ukungahleleki kuhlehlela emuva ngaphambi kokuthola inkululeko ngokutshalwa kwezimali okuthe ngqo (FDI) okuvela emazweni asentshonalanga kuya ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Amazwe afana neNingizimu Afrika, iKenya kanye ne-Ivory Coast sebekwazile ukusizakala ngalokhu isikhathi esithile. Ngawo-80, ukwehluleka kwezinqubomgomo zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo (SAP) kwaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu (ukuncishiswa kwamaholo, ukuncipha kwenani labasebenzi bakahulumeni, ukwenza izinkampani zikazwelonke ezizimele, njll.) Kubantu abasebenzayo. Ukwehla kwamandla emali kwe-CFA Franc ngonyaka we-1994 kuzothuthukisa imakethe yezabasebenzi futhi kube nomthelela ekwandeni kwenani labenzeli abasebenza emkhakheni ongakahleleki.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi engakahleleki ayikhona nje ngamasu okusinda kodwa ngokukhetha okukhululekile nokuqaphela abantu base-Afrika. Kunenombolo real micro-osomabhizinisi. Ngakho-ke kungathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi ngabe izinga lemfundo, kanjalo neziqu, liyalithonya yini leli qophelo elibhekise emnothweni osemthethweni. Ngamanye amagama, ngabe abasebenzi abasemkhakheni ongakahleleki bakhona ngamabomu noma kuhlale kungumgogodla, isondo eliyisipele uma kungekho ndlela yokuphuma emkhakheni kahulumeni nowangasese?
UPierre Tegoum, uzobheka lolu daba, njengomhlahlandlela wokuhlaziya eCameroon[1]. Kukhombisa ukuthi imfundo ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile esimweni sobungcweti sabantu abasebenza eCameroon. Ukuhlanganiswa komkhakha ongakahleleki kunqunywa ikakhulukazi ngumongo womndeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuba okungena emkhakheni ongakahleleki ancipha ngezinga lemfundo, kuyilapho amathuba okuthi ungasebenzi futhi ungene emkhakheni osemthethweni enyuka nezinga lemfundo. Ngokwalokhu kubuka, inqubo yokuvikela umkhawulo wezinga labasebenzi abangahlelekile ingahle ibe nokuthuthukisa ukufinyeleleka kanye nekhwalithi yezemfundo, okungenani kuze kube semjikelezweni wokuqala wemfundo yesibili.
Ezingeni leyunivesithi, kuyadingeka ukukhuthaza abantu abasha futhi ikakhulukazi abesifazane, ukuthi benze imisebenzi efana nobunjiniyela, imboni yezokukhiqiza, ukwakhiwa, ukuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nezolimo. Abaqashi abakhulu e-Afrika yimikhakha yezokuthengisa, ezolimo nezokungenisa izihambi. Ngakho-ke isidingo sokwenza amakhono obuchwepheshe nawomsebenzi ahehe futhi ahehe kakhulu kubantu besifazane nentsha.
Ukungabi nhlobo nokuphepha okuphansi noma okungabikho kwezenhlalakahle kwabasebenzi emkhakheni ongakahleleki yizimbangela eziyinhloko zentsha engathandeki kulo mkhakha obalulekile wezomnotho wase-Afrika. Umkhakha ongakahlelekile manje uthatha ingxenye engaphezu kwesigamu sabasebenzi bomhlaba jikelele futhi uhlanganisa ngaphezu kwe-90% yama-SME. Ucwaningo we-African Development Bank (i-AfDB) wembula ukuthi e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara kuphela, imisebenzi engakhokhelwa imele ngaphezu kuka-80% womsebenzi ophelele wabesifazane kanye nangaphezulu kwama-60% kwabesilisa. Abasebenzi abayisishiyagalolunye kwabayishumi, abasemakhaya nabasemadolobheni, banemisebenzi engakahleleki e-Afrika.
Ngaphandle kwezici zomnotho nezemfundo, sikholwa ukuthi kubalulekile futhi ukubheka ubukhulu benhlalo namasiko. “Ubungqabavu bomkhakha ongakahleleki bungachazwa nangokuthi ukucwiliswa kwemikhuba yawo emikhakheni yezenhlalo nezamasiko ezweni ngalinye - ukusondelana, ubumbano, izibopho zomphakathi eziqinile, umuzwa womndeni, wobuzwe, wesizwe, njll. " imibiko isazi sezomnotho uKako Nubukpo, isazi esivakashele e-Oxford. Ngempela, abanye abasebenzi bavela emkhakheni ongakahleleki ngenxa yokuthi kungumsebenzi wezomnotho wezizukulwane ngezizukulwane, umsebenzi odluliselwa usuka kumzali uye enganeni. Ngakho-ke kunzima kubo ukuthi bazicabange bekwesinye isimo noma isimo sobungcweti.
Kubonakala kulezi zinto esizibalulekile ukuthi sicabange ukuthi umkhakha othungathiwe ujwayelekile e-Afrika. " Imakethe yezabasebenzi esebenza kahle ayiyona into efana nemakethe yomsebenzi ehlelekile[2]"Usikhumbuza ngalokhu, uMartin Rama, esanduleleni sakhe sokutadisha i-AFD (2013) emakethe yemisebenzi yasemadolobheni ase-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara. Emazweni athuthukile, izimakethe zabasebenzi yindawo yokuhlangana phakathi kokunikezwa kanye nokufunwa. Kodwa esimweni sase-Afrika lapho umsebenzi wokuziqasha kanye ne-micro-entrepreneurship kuyindlela ephezulu yokungena emakethe yezabasebenzi, umngcele ophakathi kokunikezwa kanye nokufuna umsebenzi kuphazamiseka. Ngakho ukubaluleka kokuqonda nokuhlanganisa umnotho ongakahleleki eyinkimbinkimbi kanye ne-heterogeneity yayo, ukwenza i-lever yangempela yokukhula okuhlangene nokusimeme kwezwekazi.
Ekugcineni, siyaqaphela ukuthi inhloso yethu kwakungeyona ukuxolisa ngokungahleleki, kodwa ukuyiveza njengenqubomgomo yokungasebenzi ngokwanele, ukuqaliswa okungalungile kwezinguquko, ukungenelela ngokweqile kanye izithelo zokuzikhethela. Ukufometha ngokwayo akufanele ujeziswe, kuyinjongo yentuthuko ezokwenza umphakathi uzinze kakhudlwana ”, enye indlela yemodeli yokukhula ebandakanya wonke umuntu.
[1] UPierre Nguetse Tegoum, “2.2. Ukuhlaziywa kokubuyiselwa kwezemfundo emkhakheni ongakahleleki eCameroon [40] ”, Umnotho ongakahleleki emazweni asathuthuka, I-2012, i-1129.
[2] UDE VREYER Philippe noROUBAUD François, ama-eds, Izimakethe zomsebenzi zasemadolobheni e-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara, IRD / AFD, i-Africa Development Forum (Marseille: IRD illeditions, 2013) k. 11.
