En ukuphambuka ezindinganisweni zamazwe omhlaba zabasebenzi, i-Afrika engaseningizimu yeSahara nayo futhi iyihlukile emthethweni ekuchazeni indlela yayo. Njengoba iningi lemisebenzi yezomnotho e-Afrika ingekho emthethweni futhi icishe ibe ngama-80% we-GDP ovela emkhakheni ongakahleleki, ababukeli nochwepheshe baphoqelelwa ukuthi baqinisekise ukungabi nalwazi njengokujwayelekile, okungukuthi, iprism ngokusebenzisa okwakungukuhlaziya amasistimu wezomnotho wase-Afrika.
Ekuqaleni, isisekelo sezomnotho (1) sasiyisinqumo esivelele sokuhlaziywa komkhakha ongakahleleki, lowo wezemfundo namasiko (2), nokho, sikhanyisa ukuhlaziya kusuka kolunye uhlangothi.
Ngokwezomnotho, imininingwane engemuva iqala kahle ngaphambi kwenkululeko ngotshalomali ngqo lwangaphandle (FDI) kusuka emazweni aseNtshonalanga kuye ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Amazwe afana neNingizimu Afrika, Kenya kanye ne-Ivory Coast azi ukuthi angayisebenzisa kanjani isikhashana. Ngeminyaka yama-80s, ukwehluleka kwezinqubomgomo zokulungiswa kwezakhiwo (SAP) kwaba nemiphumela emibi (ukwehliswa kwamaholo, ukuncipha kwenani labasebenzi bakahulumeni, ukwenziwa kwamabhizinisi amabhizinisi kazwelonke, njll.) Kubantu abasebenzayo. Ukwehla kwezinga le-CFA ngo-1994 kwabuye kwalwenza buthaka imakethe yezabasebenzi futhi kwaba nomthelela ekwandeni kwesibalo sabenzeli abasebenza emkhakheni ongagunyaziwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi engakahleleki ayikhona nje ngamasu okusinda kodwa ngokukhetha okukhululekile nokuqaphela abantu base-Afrika. Kunenombolo real micro-osomabhizinisi. Ngakho-ke kungakuthokozela ukwazi ukuthi izinga lemfundo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ikhwalithi, likuthonya lokhu kuqondiswa komnotho okusemthethweni. Ngamanye amagama, ingabe abasebenzi abasebenza emkhakheni ongakahleleki lapho ngamabomu noma bahlala bengama-wheelgap, isondo lokuphumula lapho kungekho ndlela yokuphuma emkhakheni wezisebenzi zikahulumeni nezizimele?
UPierre Tegoum, uzobheka lo mbuzo, neCameroon njengohlaka lokuhlaziya[1]. Kukhombisa ukuthi imfundo idlala indima ebalulekile esimweni esihle sabantu abasebenzayo eCameroon. Ukuhlanganiswa emkhakheni ongekho emthethweni ikakhulukazi kunqunywa umongo womndeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuba wokungena emkhakheni olungekho emthethweni ancipha nezinga lemfundo, kuyilapho lelo lokungasebenzi futhi lokungena emkhakheni olusezingeni linyuka nezinga lemfundo. Ukusuka kule angle, isilinganiso sokuvimbela ukunciphisa umkhawulo wezisebenzi ezingekho emthethweni kuzobandakanya ukuthuthukisa ukufinyeleleka kanye nekhwalithi yemfundo, okungenani kuze kube umjikelezo wokuqala wemfundo yesibili.
Ezingeni leyunivesithi, abantu abasha ikakhulukazi abesifazane kumele bakhuthazwe ekufakweni kobungcweti, ubunjiniyela, ezokwakha, ezokuxhashazwa kwezinsiza zemvelo nezolimo. Abaqashi abakhulu kakhulu e-Afrika yizimboni zezitolo, ezolimo nezokuvakasha. Ngakho-ke isidingo sokwenza amakhono ezobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe akhange futhi akhange kakhulu kubantu besifazane nakubantu abasha.
Ukungabi nhlobo nokuphepha okuphansi noma okungabikho kwezenhlalakahle kwabasebenzi emkhakheni ongakahleleki yizimbangela eziyinhloko zentsha engathandeki kulo mkhakha obalulekile wezomnotho wase-Afrika. Umkhakha ongakahlelekile manje uthatha ingxenye engaphezu kwesigamu sabasebenzi bomhlaba jikelele futhi uhlanganisa ngaphezu kwe-90% yama-SME. Ucwaningo okuqhamuka kwi-African Development Bank (AfDB) kuveza ukuthi e-Afrika engaseningizimu yeSahara kuphela, ukuqashwa okungakhokhiwe kumele ngaphezulu kwama-80% omsebenzi ophelele kwabesifazane futhi angaphezu kuka-60% abesilisa. Abasebenzi abayisishiyagalolunye kwabayishumi, abasemakhaya nabasemadolobheni, banemisebenzi engahlelekile e-Afrika.
Ngaphandle kwezinto ezomnotho nezemfundo, sicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukucabangela ukulingana komphakathi kanye namasiko. "Ubuningi bomkhakha ongakahleleki buchazwa nokucwiliswa kwemikhuba yawo emikhakheni yezenhlalo nezamasiko ezweni ngalinye-ukusondela, ukubambisana, izibopho eziqinile zomphakathi, umqondo womndeni, ubuhlanga, inhlanga, njll. " imibiko ukomnotho uKako Nubukpo, uvakashele isazi e-Oxford. Ngempela, ezinye izisebenzi zithuthela emkhakheni ongakahleleki ngoba nje umsebenzi wezomnotho wangaphakathi, umsebenzi owenziwe kusukela kumzali kuya komntwana. Ngakho-ke kunzima ngabo ukuzicabanga ngenye indlela yokuma noma isimo sobuchwepheshe.
Kubonakala kulezi zinto esizibalulekile ukuthi sicabange ukuthi umkhakha othungathiwe ujwayelekile e-Afrika. " Imakethe yezabasebenzi esebenza kahle ayiyona into efana nemakethe yomsebenzi ehlelekile[2]"Usikhumbuza ngalokhu, uMartin Rama, esanduleleni sakhe sokutadisha i-AFD (2013) emakethe yemisebenzi yasemadolobheni ase-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara. Emazweni athuthukile, izimakethe zabasebenzi yindawo yokuhlangana phakathi kokunikezwa kanye nokufunwa. Kodwa esimweni sase-Afrika lapho umsebenzi wokuziqasha kanye ne-micro-entrepreneurship kuyindlela ephezulu yokungena emakethe yezabasebenzi, umngcele ophakathi kokunikezwa kanye nokufuna umsebenzi kuphazamiseka. Ngakho ukubaluleka kokuqonda nokuhlanganisa umnotho ongakahleleki eyinkimbinkimbi kanye ne-heterogeneity yayo, ukwenza i-lever yangempela yokukhula okuhlangene nokusimeme kwezwekazi.
Ekugcineni, siyaqaphela ukuthi inhloso yethu kwakungeyona ukuxolisa ngokungahleleki, kodwa ukuyiveza njengenqubomgomo yokungasebenzi ngokwanele, ukuqaliswa okungalungile kwezinguquko, ukungenelela ngokweqile kanye izithelo zokuzikhethela. Ukufometha ngokwayo akufanele ujeziswekungumgomo wokuthuthukisa ozokwenza umphakathi uzinze, "okunye okumele kube khona imodeli yokukhula ehlangene.
[1] UPierre Nguetse Tegoum, "2.2. Ukuhlaziywa kwembuyiselo yemfundo emkhakheni ongakahleleki eCameroon [40] ", Umnotho ongakahleleki emazweni asathuthuka, I-2012, i-1129.
[2] DE VREYER Philippe noROUBAUD François, ama-eds., Izimakethe zomsebenzi zasemadolobheni e-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara, I-IRD / AFD, iforamu yezokuthuthukiswa kwe-Afrika (i-Marseille: i-IRD Publishing, i-2013)., P. 11.
