CLesi sitshalo, esifakwa njenge-narcotic, sinqatshelwe eFrance naseMelika. Kokunye, izindawo zokucwaninga nezokwelashwa zigunyaziwe. Ngo-1962, umlutha wezidakamizwa osemncane, uHoward Lotsofing, wazama abangane bakhe abayisithupha ngento entsha ye-hallucinogenic umngane wakhe wemithi amtshela ngayo: ibogaine. Ngokuphikisana nakho konke okulindelwe, ngemuva kwamava angama-36, uMelika osemncane nabangane bakhe, bonke abayimilutha ye-heroin noma i-cocaine, bazikhulula ekuluthekeni kwabo. Ukulunyulwa kokugcina kukaHoward Lotsof futhi okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha kwabanye, isikhathi lapho bahlala bexhumana khona.
Ngengozi noma ukutholakala okukhulu?
Ukusuka ngeminyaka yama-1980s kwaze kwaba sekushoneni kwakhe ngo-2010, uWoward Lotsofing ayekile ukuzama ukukholisa ososayensi, amalebhu, osopolitiki kanye nomphakathi ukuthi belaphe imilutha yezidakamizwa nge-ibogaine. Le molekyuli evela emndenini we-alkaloid ikhishwe ku-iboga (Tabernanthe iboga), isihlahlana esikhona enkabeni ye-Afrika enkabazwe. Amagxolo ezimpande zawo aqukethe ama-alkaloid akhuthele kakhulu asetshenziswa emithini yendabuko nasemikhosini yokuthwasa yaseBwiti eGabon.
“Lapho ngizwa nge-ibogaine, ngaba nelukuluku lokwazi, futhi ngangabaza. Futhi lapho ngiqhubeka nokuzama, kwaba mnandi kakhulu, ”kusho uStanley Glick, uprofesa nomqondisi wezocwaningo eCentre for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience e-Albany Medical College eNew York. Ngokuzama i-molecule kumagundane ayimilutha ye-cocaine ne-morphine, uStanley Glick wafakazela ngo-1991 ukuthi ibogaine yehlisa ukuzilawula kwalezi zinto ezinsukwini ezimbili nje kuphela ngemuva kokwelashwa.
Kusukela lapho, ucwaningo, ikakhulukazi olwaseMelika, olwenziwa ezilwaneni nasemasikweni amaseli abantu luye lwacacisa imiphumela yalo. I-Ibogaine iyi-tryptamine, eseduze ne-psilocin ne-psilocybin (izinto ezikhona kumakhowe we-hallucinogenic), i-psychostimulant ne-hallucinogenic ngemithamo ephezulu. Le molekyuli ihlangana nama-neurotransmitters, ikakhulukazi i-serotonin ne-glutamate, futhi ivimba ama-opioid receptors. Ungumphikisi we-NMDA receptor (ocushiwe yi-glutamate) ozochaza izakhiwo zayo ezilwa nokulutha.
"Kusebenza kahle ekuhoxisweni kwe-opiate cishe isikhathi esiningi. Ezinye iziguli ziba nemiphumela ehlala isikhathi eside ngemva kwalokho. Kodwa, akukaze kube nocwaningo oluyimpumputhe kabili, oludingekayo ukuze kuchazwe amazinga empumelelo angempela,” kusho uDeborah Mash, uprofesa wesayensi yezinzwa kanye nekhemisi yamangqamuzana namaselula eMiami Medical University.
izifundo wakamuva ingxenye yabo, waqokomisa izakhiwo entsha ebalulekile: Iboga uye inkanuko imiphumela energy umzimba, ngokuvumelana UProfesa Dorit Ron Israyeli, ibogaine kuvusa zamagama kanye ukukhululwa kwe neurotrophin, esiza izindlela zokuzivuselela ukuvuselela futhi ubuchopho buhlele kabusha.
Ubufakazi buqinisekisa ukusebenza kwawo: "Ukuphila kwami kwashintsha ngokuphelele, amahora ayishumi nambili emva kokwelashwa kwami ne-ibogaine Ngagculiswa iminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa yokulutha. Kwakumangaza, Angikwazi ukuchaza, "kusho uRoberto, 45 iminyaka, i-Italian owayehlala e-New York futhi waba ukusetshenziswa nsuku zonke, icocaine kanye methadone, ehlanzekile iminyaka eyisikhombisa. U-Eric, unyaka wesiFulentshi we-2004 uthi: "Ngakhulelwa iminyaka emibili yokulutha kwe-cocaine ngempelasonto e-37, ngoba angikaze ngibuyele emuva." "Ukugcoba kwami kwaba ngokushesha. Nakuba ngangingacabangi ukungathathi amanani ngenxa yokuthi nganginamagremu amaningana ngosuku, "kusho uNicolas, owayekade engumlutha we-cocaine, wayencika iminyaka emithathu.
Kodwa ukwehluleka kukhona futhi: "Mina, akusebenzi," kusho uDaniel, oye waxhomeka ku-heroin, cocaine kanye "nazo zonke izinhlobo zezidakamizwa" iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. "Ngangithatha izidakamizwa ezimbonini futhi ngifika ngaphansi kwe-methadone, isidakamizwa odokotela abonakala bekunika sona njengesisombululo ..." UDaniel uthi kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngubani owathatha i-methadone ngemva kwamasonto amabili ngemuva kokwelashwa.
Nakuba namuhla izenzo eziyinhloko ze-ibogaine ziye zabonakala, ukusebenza kwayo okuyinkimbinkimbi ye-pharmacodynamic akuchaziwe ngokugcwele. Kodwa i-big taboo i-iboga ne-ibogaine ephakamisa empeleni yiyo yezindawo zabo ze-hallucinogenic. "I-iboga ayifaki ama-huts, ayinayo iphrofayli yezidakamizwa ze-psychotropic. Akuyona into yokuzilibazisa, futhi izenzo zayo zihlukile futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi kunama-hallucinogens amaningi, "kusho u-Yann Guignon, umxhumanisi wokukhulumisana kwezemvelo nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo eGabon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "i-igogaine yaziwa ngendlela engavamile, ayizange itholwe isosayensi; yingakho, kusukela ekuqaleni, kuye kwahlangana nokungabaza umphakathi wesayense. Indatshana yakhe e-Afrika nayo yamnika isici esingaqondakali abantu abangathathi ngokujulile. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi inemiphumela emihle ye-hallucinogenic, abantu bacabanga ukuthi ngeke neze kube izidakamizwa ezivunyiwe, "kusho uGlick.
U-Eric uthi: "Iboga iyingxenye yonke, yavula amehlo ami, yahlanza ingqondo nomzimba." Ngaphandle kokuhoxiswa ngokomzimba, ofakazi abaningi bafakazela ngemibono ababenayo ngesikhathi sokwelashwa. UCharles Kaplan, owayengumqondisi we-Addiction Research Institute e-Rotterdam, ubalandisa ngesici sengqondo sokuthi: "Kukhona umphumela wengqondo. Lezi zindlela zisondelene kakhulu nalokho okushiwo yi-psychoanalyst "ukungahambisani". Ziletha phezulu izinkumbulo ezilahlekile kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho ngokomzwelo kwezinqubo zokulutha izidakamizwa ezingahle zisebenze nabahlengikazi. "
UDeborah Mash uchaza ukuthi i-igogaine "i-molecular molecule, kodwa hhayi i-hallucinogen efana ne-LSD. Ubeka iphupho eliphikisayo ngamahora angamashumi amathathu nesithupha futhi, phakathi nalesi simo sokuguqula isimo, isiguli sigcizelela okuhlangenwe nakho kwasebuntwaneni futhi sithole izimpande zokulutha kwakhe. "Kufana nokwenza iminyaka eyishumi kwengqondo yezinkinga ezinsukwini ezintathu," kusho uWoward Lotsof.
Le nqubo subjective ongenakulinganiswa ngama ngokwesayensi, empeleni kunomthelela ugqugquzela uyesaba ukubhuka mayelana nokwelashwa Iboga noma ibogaine. Ukuze Atom Ribenga, umelaphi wendabuko Gabonese, welithi "Hallucinogen libhekisela imibono noma auditions ngokuphelele izinto ngiyaphupha, kuyilapho mibono zembula ezingokoqobo, ngisho noma belingokomfanekiso, oyedwa ohlala emizameni."
Iziguli ziyamenywa ukuthi zikhulume ngomuzwa wazo ukwesekwa ngokwelashwa. "Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ngiphilile, nganginokudangala ngoba, empeleni, iboga iyakuphilisa futhi ikunikeze nethuba lokuthi uzitshele:" Kulungile, ungabuyela empilweni uma ufuna " , kusho uRoberto. Ngokusho kwezincwadi zesayensi nezenhlalo ku-iboga, ukubuyela emuva kaningi kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngemuva kokwelashwa, ngenxa yokuntuleka kokulandelwa kokwelapha noma ngenxa yendawo engemihle yezenhlalo - ukuphindaphindwa kwemvelo yokulutha okubangela izilingo ezintsha.
Labizwa ngokuthi izidakamizwa e-United States kusukela ngo-1967, Iboga futhi ibogaine Nokho, ziye ogunyazwe National Institute on Drug Abuse (Nida) okumele kunqunywe njengengxenye olandelwayo ukwelashwa ku indoda ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-1990. Ngemva kokuhlangana Howard Lotsof nokubona enokwehla wenza ngaleso sikhathi kuya Research Institute on Injwayelo naseNetherlands eklinikhi ePanama, uDebora Mash, engabaza futhi ngihlabeke umxhwele, lagunyazwa ukuqhuba zokwelapha ngowokuqala USA kwisigaba I. Kodwa 1995, kulandela isethulo kusukela abamele zemithi, Nida unqume ukuyeka uxhaso lukahulumeni.
"Umbono wembonini yezokwelapha ngokuvamile wawubucayi futhi waba nomthelela omkhulu esinqumweni sokungasaboni izivivinyo. Ngakho Nida iyeke project yakhe ibogaine, kodwa uyaqhubeka ukusekela ucwaningo preclinical ku Iboga alkaloids, "kusho Kenneth Alper, uprofesa wezifo zengqondo kanye Neurology eNew York Medical University. Indlela yokuchaza ukumelana okunjalo? "Izinkampani eziningi ezidakamizwa azifuni ukuthi zihlangene ne-ibogaine, noma izidakamizwa zokwelashwa ngokuvamile. Izinkampani eziningi zikholelwa ngokungafanele ukuthi azikwazi ukwenza imali eningi ekwelapheni umlutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathi kungenza isithombe esibi ngabo ngoba abantu ukucwaswa mkhuba futhi ucabanga ukuthi akusho kufanele iphathwe like ezinye izifo, "kusho Stanley Glick.
Ukwelapha isifo kwindlela eyodwa noma ezimbili zokwelashwa kuyinkinga engabizi kangcono kunokwelashwa kwansuku zonke. Kwakuyimali yangasese uDeborah Mash akwazi ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga kwakhe, phakathi kwebhulabhulali yakhe eMiami nomtholampilo we-detox eziqhingini zaseSt. Christopher eCaribbean.
Namuhla, umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba uhlukana nesimo sokucwaninga nge-iboga ne-ibogaine. Ngenkathi emazweni amaningi kungekho mthetho okhona, i-United States, iBelgium, iPoland, iDenmark, iSwitzerland futhi, kusukela ngo-2007, iFrance ihlukanise lezi zinto ezimbili njengezidakamizwa. I-French Agency for the Sanitary Safety of Health Products (Afssaps) iphinde yaqaphela ukuthi iboga ithambekele "ekuthuthukiseni ngaphakathi kohlaka lwemisebenzi yehlelo" ngezindlela zokuzithuthukisa "kanye" nangaphakathi kohambo "izingqungquthela" . Uqaphele ukuthi lesi sitshalo "besikhuthazwa ngenkuthalo" kwi-Intanethi.