UIncwadi ekhuluma ngoLouis 14 nase-Afrika ngokushesha ifuna imibuzo ethile: kungani ubhala ebudlelwaneni le nkosi eyayinabo naleli zwekazi hhayi kulabo bakaFrançois 1er, uLouis 13, uLouis 15 noma ngisho nokaNapoleon Bonaparte? ngamafuphi, kungani kukhethwa lesi sikhulu saseFrance kunesinye? ngoba, ukukhuluma iqiniso, asazi lutho mayelana nokuxhumana labo babusi baseFrance nababusi ababenabo ne-Afrika. Ngaphambi kokuhlukaniswa kwaleli zwekazi phakathi kweNtshonalanga nokuqala kwezinqubomgomo zokoloni lwayo, ngabe abaholi baseFrance base benayo vele inqubomgomo yase-Afrika; kufana nokuhweba ngezigqila.
UTidiane Diakité akashiyi umfundi nale mibuzo isikhathi eside. Kusukela esahlukweni sokuqala, ulenelisa ngokugcwele ilukuluku lakhe. Ngempela, ngokushesha okukhulu, umfundi uyaqonda ukuthi uLouis 14 nguyena owabeka izisekelo zenqubomgomo yeqiniso yase-Afrika yaseFrance; inqubomgomo okuhlala kwayo isikhathi kuze kube sekhulwini lama-21 kuyamangaza impela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi, ikhulu leminyaka likaLouis 14 yilona elashiya imikhondo eminingi e-Afrika ezinqolobaneni zokugcina umlando zaseFrance. Ngakho-ke uLouis 14 ubekwa kithi lapho sifuna ukuphenya ngomthombo wobudlelwano phakathi kweFrance ne-Afrika emnyama.
Ukungena kweFrance ekuhwebeni ngezigqila
Lapho umuntu ezimisela ukufunda ubudlelwano baseFrance nabase-Afrika ngaphambi kwengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-17, okugqame kakhulu ukungabi khona komuzwa wokuphakama kobuhlanga. Kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-19 lapho umbono wohlanga wawusetshenziswa kumuntu futhi wawunombono wesimanjemanje wobandlululo osungula isilinganiso samanani phakathi kwabantu. IPortugal neSpain, ngaphambi kokuba babe ngamaphayona okuhweba ngezigqila ngekhulu le-XNUMX, bafuna igolide nezinongo ogwini lwase-Afrika lapho behlangana khona nabamnyama ebudlelwaneni bezentengiselwano obuqondile nokutholana komunye nomunye. Ama-akhawunti abo okuhamba ezehlele kithi akhululekile kunoma yimuphi umqondo wokuphakama kobuhlanga. UTidiane Diakité ukhombisa ukuthi amaFulentshi okuqala - amaNorman - ukuhlala e-Afrika ngezizathu ezifanayo akwenze ngomoya ofanayo.
Ukukhuluma iqiniso, njengoba umbhali akhombisa kahle kangaka, ukuthuthukiswa kokuhweba ngezigqila kuyahambelana, eYurophu, nesikhathi sokuwa kwesimilo sobuKristu lapho kubhekene namandla okuvela komnotho. Eqinisweni, ngekhulu le-17, ushukela wathatha indawo yezinongo futhi kwafakwa ugwayi esikhundleni; futhi iYurophu yabhekana nentando yeningi yangempela yokusetshenziswa koshukela ovela kuma-Antilles. IFrance, iNgilandi kanye ne-United Provinces (Holland), okwakuthembele kuleso sikhathi okholweni lobuKrestu nempindiselo kaNkulunkulu ukusola iPortugal neSpain, okwase kungamandla okuhweba ngenxa yokuhweba ngezigqila, bazoya kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-17 zihlanganyele nabo kulo msebenzi. Lemibuso emithathu emisha izovuma ngisho nokucekela phansi amabili okuqala, ikakhulukazi iPortugal, esibe namandla kashukela ngenxa yokuba neBrazil.
Yize kuyiqiniso ukuthi kwakunguLouis 13 owathi, ngo-1642, wathatha isinqumo sokugunyaza ngokusemthethweni ukubamba iqhaza kweFrance ekuhwebeni ngezigqila, ngemuva kokuthola isiqinisekiso sokuthi abansundu babezobhapathizwa ngokufanayo, c KwakunguLouis 14 owathi, ngenqubomgomo yokuzithandela, wahlela umsebenzi wabanikazi bemikhumbi nabathengisi bezigqila. Akagcinanga ngokukhombisa ukuzimisela okucacile kokunikeza izigqila zamakholoni ama-Antilles aseFrance ngokwakha iCompagnie des Indes occidentales ngo-1664 - okwakuzoba ngokugqame kakhulu iCompagnie de Guinée ngo-1685 - kodwa futhi wasekela isenzo sabanikazi bemikhumbi ngokubakhokhela imali ekhokhwayo ekhanda ngalinye lama-negro athuthwayo futhi athengiswa. Lawa mabhonasi (kusuka ku-1672) azovuselelwa kaningi futhi azokwenyuka kuphela (Izinqolobane Zikazwelonke, ikoloni elishiwo ngumlobi ikhasi 19). Akungabazeki, kusho umlobi, kwakunguLouis 14 owenza ukuhweba ngezigqila isikhungo, wakukhuphula kwaba sezingeni lombuso.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwamazwi enkosi nongqongqoshe wayo uColbert, wonke umuntu ukuqonda kalula ukubamba iqhaza okuqinile kombuso enhlanganweni yezinkampani zemikhumbi ezenzelwe ukuhweba nokuhweba nama-Antilles. Ingabe inkosi yayingagomeli ukuthi lo msebenzi wawungenye yenzuzo enkulu? Futhi ngabe ungqongqoshe wakhe akaqinisekisanga yini naye, ngo-1670, ukuthi ngeke kube khona ukuhweba emhlabeni wonke okhiqiza izinzuzo eziningi njengale?
Ngeshwa labo, ogwini lwase-Afrika, ngokushesha okukhulu, iNgilandi neHolland bathatha izinyathelo ezimbalwa ngaphambili ngenxa yemikhumbi emikhulu futhi ehlome kangcono. AmaDashi ikakhulukazi, aziwa njengabahwebi abanekhono futhi abangenakunyakaziswa bazoba yizitha ezizokwehliswa ukuze zifinyelele ezingeni lamandla amakhulu ezentengiselwano. Ukufeza inhloso yakhe, uLouis 14, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, wayesehhavini nasendaweni yokugaya ngesinqumo esiqinile sokudlulisa amakhanda ayinkulungwane ama-negro e-Antilles minyaka yonke futhi abuyisele eFrance amamaki egolide ayinkulungwane namakhulu amabili. Mayelana nemisebenzi yezinkampani ezazidayisa phakathi kwe-Afrika ne-West Indies, akukho okwenziwa ngaphandle kwamehlo akhe: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngaphezu kwemali yakhe, inkosi yanikeza izinkampani lezo usizo lwemikhumbi yakhe futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwahlulela noma yikuphi ukuphikisana kwesikweletu okubandakanya lezi zinkampani.
IGuinea Coast yayifunwa yizo zonke izizwe zase-Europe ngoba kwakukhona ukuhweba ngegolide nangama-negro lapho. Uma iFrance ibonakala izinze unomphela ogwini lwaseSenegal, lapha, ngokumelene namaDashi abambelele ngokuqinile ogwini lwegolide, kunzima ukuthola ithuba lensimbi eyigugu kanye nezigqila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, oGwini lwaseSenegal noma ogwini lwaseGuinea, imisebenzi yaseFrance yayixhomeke ekulinganisweni kwamandla eYurophu lapho izimpi zazivuselelwa khona njalo. Ukuzamazama okukhulu kweHolland ngakho-ke kwakungewona umsebenzi olula. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi umbhali akhombise, ngokuthembela kumadokhumende okugcina umlando, inqubomgomo eyamiswa nguLouis 14 kuwo kanye lo mthombo wokuhweba okumnandi, okusho ukuthi e-Afrika, abaphathi bendawo, ukuzama ukufeza izinhloso zakhe.
Ukuzalwa "kwenqubomgomo yase-Afrika" yeFrance
Ngaphandle kwezifiso zakhe ezinkulu zezentengiselwano kanye nezinsizakusebenza zezobuchwepheshe nezezezimali ezithunyelwe zisuka eFrance ukuzisekela, okuzokhanga noma yimuphi umfundi wale ndatshana isifiso esiqinile sikaLouis 14 sokugcina ubuhlobo obuseduze namakhosi ase-Afrika. , uqobo, njengesiqinisekiso samandla ombuso wakhe nasenkazimulweni yakhe. Kuyena, kwakungewona umbuzo wokuthenga nokuthengisa kuphela, kwakudingeka nokuthi kuthandwe ukuze kukhethwe amaNgisi namaDashi. Isahluko esinikezwe amandla nezithiyo kuzovumela wonke umuntu ukuthi athole izinyathelo zokuqala zokugxambukela kweFrance kwezepolitiki zangaphakathi zamazwe ase-Afrika; izisekelo zalokho esikubiza namuhla inqubomgomo yase-Afrika yaseFrance.
Kule ncwadi siyathola ukuthi uLouis 14, kusomaqhinga omuhle, ngokusobala waphathwa njengolingana namakhosi ase-Afrika. Uthole amanxusa namakhosana avela kuleli zwekazi ngawo wonke ama-honors ngenxa yesikhundla sabo. Bejabule ngaleyo ndlela, bamqinisekisa ngazo zonke izindawo zokuhweba ngezigqila futhi bagunyaza izithunywa zakhe ukwakha izinqaba (ezempi) emazweni abo. Akunakuphikwa ukuthi inkosi ngayinye yase-Afrika izizwa ingumngani weNkosi enkulu iLanga futhi ifuna ukuzwa kuyo. Ngokusobala lobu bungani bebubukeka bunikeza wonke umuntu inhlonipho namandla kwazise bebubonwa njengophawu lokuvikelwa. Kulesi simo sokuqonda okuhle ebizama ukusidala, ngenkathi sigqugquzela izinqubomgomo zomunye nomunye, iFrance ye-Sun King isebenza ngokubhekela izintshisekelo zayo. Ikhuthaza inqubomgomo yokungathathi hlangothi ngenkathi idlala umxazululi ezingxabanweni phakathi kwababusi base-Afrika. Ngokuqinisekile ngobungani bukaLouis 14, amakhosi ase-Afrika ngeke ayeke ukumcela njalo lapho udweshu luzobaphikisa kumakhelwane. Kwaze kwenzeka ukuthi iNkosi yaseFrance yacelwa yizo zombili izinhlangothi ezingxabanweni efanayo. Ngaphezu kokuxoxisana, kwakudingeka futhi ukucabanga ngokugxambukela empilweni yangasese yezinkantolo zase-Afrika, ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenhloso yokuvela njengomngane wamakhosi. Ngakho-ke, kuphetha uTidiane Diakité, kungaphansi kokubusa kwakhe lapho izivumelwano eziningi kakhulu zasayinwa nabaholi base-Afrika. KwakunguLouis 14 futhi owenza izipho eziningi kakhulu kubabusi base-Afrika.
Asinawo yini umuzwa wokuthi sifunda ikhasi emlandweni we-francoafrique edumile ehlanjalazwe kangaka phakathi kwethu amashumi eminyaka ambalwa? Futhi ukumangala akugcini lapho. Abathile emlandweni kusukela ngesikhathi sikaLouis the 14 nakanjani bazokuholela ekutheni ubheke emlandweni wethu wakamuva wabalandela abadumile ozobathola kalula. U-André Bruë, ngokwesibonelo, ngubani, kubo bonke abaqondisi bezinkampani kanye nabamele iFrance eSenegal, ozofeza izenzo ezimnandi kakhulu zombuso. Le ndoda, ngaphambi kukaJacques Foccart ngaphansi kukaGeneral de Gaulle, umnumzane wase-Afrika waseFrance. Ngino-André Bruë, siyayibona inethiwekhi yaseFrance-Afrika ngaphambi kwesikhathi sayo. Ngaye, le nqubomgomo yaseFrance yaqala ngekhulu le-XNUMX, yakhiwa ngumdlalo wamadlelandawonye kanye nemifelandawonye ephikisayo, izinsongo nokucindezelwa okuzoba yinto eqhubekayo yenqubomgomo yaseFrance eSenegal e-Issigny (Assinie) eCôte d ' Izindlovu ke kulo lonke elase-Afrika. Amazwi eNkosi yaseCayor efakaza ngokungahambisani nale nqubomgomo yamakholoni azokhumbuza abafundi abaningi ngalabo abaholi bezwe abasanda kukhokha inani elibi ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuyeka isihlalo sakhe kumholi ovumelana neFrance.
Le ndatshana kaTidiane Diakité ngokungangabazeki izobonakala icebe kakhulu emibhalweni yokugcina izinto ngokuphathelene nendikimba ngayinye okukhulunywa ngayo. Kepha mina, ngithi okungcono kakhulu! Ngoba ngibona kule mibhalo eminingi futhi ende indlela ehlakaniphile yokubeka ingobo yomlando yaseFrance emphakathini wonke futhi ibenze bathole ukuthi ababusi abasungulile lutho kwezepolitiki zase-Afrika. Ukukhishwa okude okuvela emibhalweni yesikhathi kwenza ukuthi kutholakale ngaphandle kokuphawula okungadingekile ukuthi ukulingiswa kwababusi base-Afrika nabaseFrance ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kukhombisa unomphela wezenzo nokuphindaphindwa kwamaqiniso emlandweni wesintu. Izinto azikashintshi ngoba amaphupho aseFrance nezidingo zezomnotho azikashintshi. Iphupho laseFrance kuphela le-Afrika yamaKatolika neyabaphostoli eseliyekiswe isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kumele kuthiwe emkhakheni wezenkolo, akasaphuphi ngomphefumulo wakhe olahlekile kusukela uLouis 13 egeza igazi labamnyama kanti uLouis 14 wakhombisa isizwe inzuzo enkulu yezomnotho angayithola. yekoloni labo.
URaphaël ADJOBI
SOURCE: http://raphael.afrikblog.com/archives/2013/08/01/27768526.html
