DNgokusobala, umlando akuyona isayensi, uma kungenjalo eyamanga. Ngokuwela isayensi yesimanje eminingana, isifundo esikhombisa ukuthi iMelika yangaphambi kweColombia yayiyizwekazi lase-Afrika. Nakhu ukuthi iNtshonalanga ilifihle kanjani leli qiniso elimangalisayo ...
UPathé Diagne unguprofesa waseyunivesithi e-United States naseNtshonalanga Afrika.
Uchwepheshe wezilimi namasiko ase-Afrika, sekuyisikhathi eside efunda amazwe aseMelika angaphambi kweColombia. Wathola izinto ezithokozisayo. Sekuyiminyaka eyizinkulungwane, abantu base-Afrika bakolonela iMelika, abayibiza kanjalo Tarana. Ukusebenzisa umzila womoya wokuhweba, i Mool abasebenza ngemikhumbi-ngwenya ENtshonalanga Afrika - Izwe laseJoruba - wawela ulwandle ngesibindi ukuze agcwalise iTarana.
Bathuthuka ngaphesheya kwezentuthuko zasemadolobheni ase-Atlantic, ezolimo, ezomoya nezingcweti. Le koloni ye-Afrika yezwekazi laseMelika iqhubeke isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukushiya okungenakulinganiswa kwezakhiwo, amasiko, izilimi, izakhiwo ezingenasici kanye nezakhi zofuzo. Ngomsebenzi omkhulu nowomsebenzi, inyuvesi kuqoqa ukufana phakathi kwamagama ezindawo, amadolobha, amasiko, ulwazimagama, izinkolelo, nomfundi onqotshiwe uyaqaphela ...
Sekuyisikhathi eside sekukholelwa ukuthi abantu base-Afrika abangeyona indlela yokuhamba emanzini aphezulu. Babecatshangwa ukuthi bangakwazi ukuwela i-Atlantic Ocean. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi esikhathini esidala, ukuhamba okujulile kolwandle kwakungaziwa kwabasebenzi be-Europe nabaseMedithera abenza kuphela i-cabotage. Izazi-mlando zethu ziye zaphetha ngokuthi abantu base-Afrika babengazi, futhi abazange bazi. Kuhlale kuphazamisa lokhu inganekwane yentuthuko ehambisanayo ngubani osibeka kuso.
Kodwa-ke, phakathi nezikhathi zangaphambi komlando, sithola imikhondo yokuwela kwe-transatlantic: amathuluzi wokuzulazula olwandle, amamephu we-transcontinental mdala kakhulu, ngisho nezinsalela zomkhumbi ogwini lwaseBrazil. Okhokho bethu ababekude babengagqoki izikhwama zesikhumba senyathi, babengahlali emihumeni, bephimisa ukubhonga kwemisipha njengoba sifakwe emakhanda ethu; babephucuke kakhulu kunamaRoma noma amaGrikhi asendulo.
Siyathola namuhla ukuthi umlando wokuqala, njengoba uchaziwe kithina, kufanele ubuyiselwe emuva esikhathini esedlule kakhulu. Isikhathi esisha somlando sesizofakwa phakathi komlando kanye nomlando wokuqala: the Umlandvo, umlando ngaphambi komlando. Akabuki njengento eyaziwayo. "Sekuyiminyaka eyizinkulungwane, ngesikhathi somlando wokuqala, abantu bomdabu base-Afrika banikele ekuxazululeni amazwe aseMelika, kanye nokufuduka kwe-Oceano-Eurasia" kubhala uPathé Diagne.
"Isichazamazwi esiphelele kwezomoya, ezombusazwe, amasiko nezobuciko ezwenikazi laseMelika sisho imiphakathi yaseYoruba, Fon, Mina, Lebu-Wolof, Bantu, Maratana, Mandeng-Soninké noma i-Akan Baoulé." Ngempela, sithola silulumagama sase-Afrika sisuka eTarakasum / Alaska siye eTaragoni / Patagonia; kusukela eGaytimara yaseGuatemala nase-Andoras yaseHonduras kuya eGayrifunia yaseCalifornia. "I-Afrika yondla i-toponymy yeToro-Silla noma iPeru-Chile, yeBaragwa / Paraguaï neBurugwa / Urugwaï"
UDiagne ukhuluma ngakho "Amakhosi aseTranslantic", izindawo zangempela ze-Afrika ezisungulwe eMelika. Is abasafufusa uhlobo Afrika owawubusa leli koloni, siqine ezibonakalayo yayo American, igunya layo phezu bemdzabu obomvu, nabo abansundu bahlala ndawonye izinkulungwane zeminyaka ... Baye ewela i-Atlantic ngokuphindaphindiwe, futhi waqhubekela phambili futhi, njengoba sithola umkhondo we Mool abasebenza ngemikhumbi-ngwenya kuze kufike ogwini lwasePacific!
I-corridor equatorial equatorial esetshenziswe ngu Columbus kwaba owaziwa kuze kube phakade. Inkosi yase-Afrika uBakari II yayisebenzisa isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu ngaphambi kweColumbus ... Ngesikhathi esifanayo nathi TemplarsNgakho ... uPathé Diagne uchaza ukuthi le mpahla yokuhweba ibonakala ngonyawo lweLebu North Bantu mool-sailors e-Atlantic West. lezi "Abantu basolwandle" (Geejawaay) wakha elinye lamanethiwekhi amakhulu kunawo wonke ahlanganisa ama-Atlantic ne-American Pacific.
Inethiwekhi iqala kusuka kuMennfari / Memphis, i-Salse / Saïs, i-Lebuta / Leptis, i-Tanisis-Tanit / i-Tunis, i-Kusta / Ceuta, i-Tingita / i-Tangier. Uhlanganisa iTaratakas / Carthage neTaratakas / Caracas. Lolu hlelo lwamachweba lwaluyimpumelelo yasendulo kakhulu empucuko ye-Black-Egyptian, eyabelwe Ama-portulans ka-Piri Reis kanye namanye amashadi e-nautical emvelaphi engachaziwe ... Abantu baseMelika abahlala emadolobheni aseMelika bazibiza ngokuthi iMara, Maya noma uMaura.
Babebizwa nangokuthi uMarana noma uMarroun, uMaratana noma uMaradona, uMaranayba noma uMaranaïbo. “Isungulwe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlangothini zombili zolwandle, laba bantu abamnyama baphonselwe inselelo njengabomdabu ngokufuduka kwabantu baseYurophu. Umbuso wamakoloni wababandlulula ngosizo lweSonto kanye neCode Noir. Izwe lase-Euro-American elinobandlululo libaphatha ngokwehlisa amakhodi amabili okubandlulula, i- I-Black Code kanye ne-Code Metéc inhloso yawo ukugcina laba bantu bomdabu besesimweni sokuzithoba ohlangeni lwabamhlophe, ababusa ngelungelo laphezulu. ”
Ukuhweba ngezigqila kungenye yamakhasi angalungile emlandweni wethu. Uma abaningi base-Afrika bexoshwe ezweni laseMelika, kungenxa yokuthi Ama-Afrika asevele ehlala khonakahle ngaphambi kokufika kwabamhlophe.
Babizana ngokuthi iMaranes, noma iMarounes, eyayiqamba igama leNigro Marrons. Kwabe sekufika ukuhweba kwe-triangular, lapho imikhumbi yezigqila yahamba khona eNantes, Bordeaux noma eSaint-Malo ukuze igcwalise i-Afrika "Izinkuni ze-Ebony" ; ngakho saqamba izigqila ezimnyama. Abahlali abamhlophe bezwekazi elincane basebenzise futhi bahlukumeza le misebenzi yamahhala, eqondiswa ukukubonga.