Amalungelo abantu awudaba olubalulekile e-Afrika, lapho amazwe amaningi ebhekene nezinselelo eziqhubekayo ekuhlonipheni nasekuvikeleni la malungelo ayisisekelo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola kabanzi isimo samalungelo abantu e-Afrika, sigqamisa inqubekelaphambili eseyenziwe, izinselele okuhlangatshezwane nazo kanye nezinhlelo ezithembisayo ezihloselwe ukukhuthaza nokuqinisekisa la malungelo abalulekile kubo bonke abantu ezwenikazi.
Amalungelo Abantu e-Afrika - Uhlolojikelele
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I-Perspectives on Human Rights in Africa” kuwumsebenzi oveza umbono wemikhakha eminingi ngamalungelo abantu e-Afrika. Ibhalwe ngongoti kwezomthetho, ifilosofi, isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye ne-anthropology, le ncwadi igqamisa ukubaluleka nokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwalo mkhakha.
Incwadi iqala ihlola imibono eyahlukene yongoti, ngaleyo ndlela inikeze umbono ophelele nojulile wamalungelo abantu e-Afrika. Ube esekhuluma ngendaba yobulungisa, egcizelela ukuthi ngaphandle kobulungisa obunobulungisa, akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwangempela kwamalungelo ayisisekelo.
Ishicilelwe ngo-2008, le ncwadi inamakhasi angama-308 futhi ibhalwe ngesiFulentshi. Ihloselwe izethameli zabantu abadala abathanda amalungelo abantu, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika. Sibonga indlela yayo yokwenza izinto eziningi, yakha insiza ebalulekile yokuqonda izindaba nezinselelo ezibhekene nesifunda mayelana namalungelo abantu.
"Imibono Ngamalungelo Abantu e-Afrika" ngaleyo ndlela inikeza ukuhlaziywa okujulile nokukhanyiselayo ngale ndaba, okunomthelela ekukhuthazeni nasekuvikelweni kwamalungelo ayisisekelo kule ngxenye yomhlaba. Ngakho-ke lo msebenzi uhlanganisa inkomba ebalulekile kubo bonke abanentshisekelo embuzweni wamalungelo abantu e-Afrika.
Imibono Ngamalungelo Abantu e-Afrika” kuwumsebenzi obalulekile kunoma ubani onentshisekelo ngesimo samalungelo abantu ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Leli bhuku linikeza umbono oyingqayizivele nophambene wochwepheshe abahlukene, abaletha ulwazi lwabo nolwazi oluvela emikhakheni eyahlukene.
Okwenza lo msebenzi uthakazelise ikakhulukazi umlingiswa wawo wemikhakha eminingi. Ngempela, ababhali babhekana nezindaba zamalungelo abantu e-Afrika bevela ezinhlangothini ezahlukene, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, i-sociology, i-anthropology noma ipolitiki. Le ndlela yokwenza isivumela ukuthi sibe nombono ophelele futhi ocashile wezindaba ezixhumene namalungelo abantu kulesi sifunda.
Enye yamandla ale ncwadi ukugxila kwayo ebulungiswa. Ababhali bahlaziya ngokujulile izinhlelo zokwahlulela zamazwe ase-Afrika namandla abo okuvikela amalungelo abantu. Zigqamisa izinselelo lezi zinhlelo ezibhekene nazo, njengenkohlakalo, ukungajeziswa kanye nokungalingani emphakathini. Lesi sici sisivumela ukuthi siqonde imikhawulo nezithiyo abavikeli bamalungelo abantu e-Afrika ababhekana nazo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile salo msebenzi isifiso sawo sokugqamisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu e-Afrika. Ababhali bagqamisa ukubaluleka kwamathuluzi omthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, njengeSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu noma i-African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, futhi ahlaziye ukusetshenziswa kwawo emazweni ase-Afrika. Baphinde bagqamise imizamo yasendaweni kanye nezenzo ezenziwa umphakathi ukuvikela amalungelo abantu.
Sengiphetha, “Ukuhlonishwa Kwamalungelo Abantu e-Afrika” kuwumsebenzi obalulekile wokuqonda izingqinamba nezinselelo ezibhekene namalungelo abantu ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Ukuhlukahluka kwayo, ukugxila kwayo ebulungiswa kanye nesifiso sayo sokuvikela amalungelo abantu kuyenza ibe ibhuku elibalulekile kubacwaningi, abafundi nanoma ubani othintekayo ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo ayisisekelo e-Afrika.
Ezinye Izinketho Zomkhiqizo Wamalungelo Abantu e-Afrika - Uhlolojikelele
Umhlahlandlela Womthengi (Indlela Yokukhetha Umkhiqizo)
Ukukhetha amalungelo abantu e-Afrika, kubalulekile ukucabangela izindlela ezimbalwa. Okokuqala nje, kubalulekile ukugxila emalungelweni ayisisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yabezindaba, ilungelo lokuphila nesithunzi somuntu. Okulandelayo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi la malungelo ayahlonishwa ohulumeni nezikhungo ezweni ngalinye lase-Afrika. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi kubhekwe isimo senhlalo-mnotho nesepolitiki sezwe ngalinye, njengoba lezi zici zingaba nomthelela ekufezekisweni kwamalungelo abantu. Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukubonisana nezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu e-Afrika, njengeKhomishana Yase-Afrika Yamalungelo Abantu, ukuthola ulwazi nezincomo ngezwe elihlonipha futhi elivikela amalungelo abantu.
- Umbhali : Hlola ukuthi ubani umbhali wencwadi. Ingabe ungumuntu owaziwayo emkhakheni wamalungelo abantu e-Afrika? Ingabe unobungcweti nokwethembeka okwanele?
- Okuqukethwe : Hlola okuqukethwe yincwadi. Qinisekisa ukuthi ihlanganisa ukubuka konke okuphelele kwamalungelo abantu e-Afrika, ukubhekana nezindaba ezibalulekile, izimo zesifunda kanye nezinselelo ezithile.
- Ukuqina kwezemfundo : Hlola ukuthi ingabe incwadi isekelwe ocwaningweni oluqinile nemithombo ethembekile. Ingabe isekelwa izifundo ezijulile nezinkomba zezemfundo?
- Indlela yokwenza : Hlola indlela ethathwe umbhali. Ingabe inikeza ukuhlaziya okubucayi nokucashile kwamalungelo abantu e-Afrika? Ingabe unikeza izixazululo noma izincomo zokuthuthukisa isimo?
- Umbono wesifunda : Hlola ukuthi ingabe le ncwadi ibheka amaqiniso ahlukene kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwamasiko emazweni ase-Afrika. Ingabe ikhuluma ngemininingwane yamazwe ahlukene nezifunda zezwekazi?
- Ukucaca nokufinyeleleka : Qiniseka ukuthi incwadi ibhalwe kahle, inolimi olucacile nolufinyeleleka kalula. Ingabe kulula ukuyiqonda kubafundi abangebona ochwepheshe?
- Izilinganiso nezibuyekezo : Bheka izilinganiso nezibuyekezo zencwadi. Ingabe babenethemba? Ithini imibono yongoti nabafundi asebeyifundile?
- Inguqulo : Hlola ukuthi incwadi iyatholakala ngephepha noma ngenguqulo kagesi, kuye ngokuthanda kwakho
- Intengo : Qhathanisa amanani ezincwadi kumasayithi ahlukene noma izitolo eziku-inthanethi. Qiniseka ukuthi intengo yayo ifana nenani layo kanye nokuqukethwe
Izimpawu eziyisixwayiso zokuthi lo mkhiqizo awukulungele.
- Indaba ayikuthakaseli : Uma ungenawo intshisekelo kumalungelo abantu e-Afrika noma uma lena kungeyona yezindawo onentshisekelo kuzo, kungenzeka ukuthi lo mkhiqizo awukulungele
- Ulimi : Uma umkhiqizo utholakala kuphela ngolimi ongaluqondi, lokhu kungase kube uphawu lokuthi akulungile kuwe, ngaphandle uma uzimisele ukwenza umzamo wokufunda lolo limi.
- Izinga lobunzima : Uma umkhiqizo ufundisa kakhulu noma unzima ngokwezinga lakho lokuqonda, kungase kube nzima ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele okuqukethwe kwawo
- Amagugu nemibono : Uma unokungavumelani okukhulu namagugu noma imibono evezwe kulo mkhiqizo, ungase ungazizwa uvumelana nokuqukethwe kwawo.
- Izinhloso : Uma imigomo yomkhiqizo ingafani nalokho okufunayo, isibonelo uma ufuna ukufunda okujabulisayo kunomsebenzi wezemfundo, khona-ke kungase kungafaneleki kuwe.
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa ngamalungelo abantu e-Afrika
Yiziphi izinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene namalungelo abantu e-Afrika namuhla?
Amalungelo abantu e-Afrika abhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu ezimbalwa namuhla. Okokuqala nje, ukuphikelela kwezingxabano zezikhali kanye nezinkinga zezombangazwe ezindaweni ezithile zezwekazi kuphazamisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo abantu. Ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, njengokugwetshwa ngaphandle kokwahlulela, ukuhlukumeza kanye nokunyamalala okuphoqelelwe, kuvame ukwenziwa ngezikhathi zezingxabano.
Okwesibili, inkohlakalo nokungajeziswa yizinkinga eziqhubekayo e-Afrika, ezivimbela ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo eziphumelelayo zokuvikela amalungelo abantu. Izikhungo zokwahlulela zivame ukuba buthaka futhi zishodelwa yizinsizakusebenza, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi izisulu zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu bathole ubulungiswa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucwasa okusekelwe kubulili, ubuzwe, inkolo noma ukukhetha ubulili kusekhona emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika. Abesifazane, izinhlanga ezincane kanye nabantu be-LGBTQ+ bavame ukuba yizisulu zodlame nokucwaswa, futhi amalungelo abo ayisisekelo avame ukunganakwa.
Okokugcina, izinselele zezomnotho nezenhlalakahle ezifana nobumpofu, ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe kwezinsizakalo zezempilo kanye nemfundo, kanye nokungalingani kwezenhlalakahle nezomnotho, kunomthelela oqondile enjabulweni yamalungelo abantu e-Afrika.
Kubalulekile ukubhekana nalezi zinselele ngokuqinisa izikhungo zentando yeningi, ukulwa nenkohlakalo nokungajeziswa, ukugqugquzela ukulingana kanye nokutshala imali ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlalakahle yezomnotho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu e-Afrika.
Yiziphi izindlela zesifunda nezamazwe ngamazwe ezikhona zokukhuthaza nokuvikela amalungelo abantu e-Afrika?
Kunezinqubo ezimbalwa zesifunda nezamazwe ngamazwe ezisungulwe ukukhuthaza nokuvikela amalungelo abantu e-Afrika.
Ezingeni lesifunda, i-African Union (AU) idlala indima ehamba phambili. I-AU yasungula Ikhomishana Yase-Afrika Yamalungelo Abantu kanye Nabantu, ebhekele ukukhuthaza nokuvikela amalungelo abantu kulo lonke izwekazi. IKhomishana yase-Afrika inegunya lokubuyekeza imibiko yamalungelo abantu kanye nezikhalazo zomuntu ngamunye, futhi ingenza izincomo emazweni angamalungu e-AU.
Ukwengeza, i-AU yamukele amathuluzi omthetho amaningana ukuze kuqinisekiswe amalungelo abantu e-Afrika. Phakathi kwalezi zinsiza, singacaphuna uMqulu wase-Afrika Wamalungelo Abantu kanye Nabantu, obeka amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko futhi usungula izibopho zamazwe angamalungu ezindabeni zamalungelo abantu.
Ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, iNhlangano Yezizwe (UN) nayo idlala indima ebalulekile. I-UN ineHhovisi likaKhomishana Omkhulu Wamalungelo Abantu, eliqapha isimo samalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganisa ne-Afrika. I-UN iphinde yamukela amathuluzi amaningana wamazwe ngamazwe wamalungelo abantu, njengeSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu kanye neSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Abantu Nezombangazwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, zikhona izindlela zokuqapha kanye nokubika njalo ngamalungelo abantu e-Afrika. Isibonelo, iKhomishini Yase-Afrika Yamalungelo Abantu kanye Nabantu ishicilela njalo imibiko ngesimo samalungelo abantu emazweni angamalungu e-AU. Ukwengeza, i-UN kanye nezinye izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zenza umsebenzi wokuhlola nokuqapha ukuhlola isimo samalungelo abantu e-Afrika.
Lezi zindlela zesifunda nezamazwe ngamazwe zibalulekile ukukhuthaza nokuvikela amalungelo abantu e-Afrika ngokugqugquzela ukuhlonishwa kwamazinga omhlaba kanye nokusekela imizamo yamazwe ase-Afrika yokuqinisekisa la malungelo ezakhamuzini zawo.
Zitholele “Respects on Human Rights in Africa”, incwadi ecubungula ngokujulile izindaba ezibalulekile zamalungelo abantu ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Gxila ekuhlaziyeni okuqinile nokunamaphuzu, okusekelwe ocwaningweni olujulile, ukuze uqonde kangcono izinselelo nenqubekelaphambili eyenziwa kulesi sifunda. Hlanganyela nathi kulokhu kuhlola okuthakazelisayo kwamalungelo ayisisekelo e-Afrika.