Lo mhlahlandlela wesinyathelo ngesinyathelo uchaza indlela yokuhlaziya izinto zakudala zemivubukulo ezitholakala e-Afrika. Isayensi yemivubukulo yase-Afrika iwumkhakha wocwaningo othakazelisayo onikeza ukuqonda komlando namasiko ezwekazi. Inhloso yalo mhlahlandlela ukunikeza imiyalelo ecacile neningiliziwe ngezigaba ezahlukene zokuhlaziywa kwe-artifact, kusukela ekuqoqweni kwenkundla kuya ekuchazeni imiphumela. Noma ngabe ungumfundi wesayensi yemivubukulo noma unentshisekelo nje esihlokweni, lo mhlahlandlela uzokusiza ukuthi uthole amakhono adingekayo ukuze wenze ucwaningo lwemivubukulo e-Afrika ngempumelelo nangobungcweti.
Abathengisi kakhulu
Isinyathelo 1: Ukulungiselela
- Qoqa wonke amathuluzi adingekayo njengamabhulashi, izibuko zokukhulisa, ama-spatula, izikhwama zokugcina, njll.
- Qiniseka ukuthi unawo wonke amathuluzi esandleni ngaphambi kokuqala inqubo yokubuyisela.
- Amabhulashi abalulekile ekusebenziseni ukongiwa kwemvelo kanye nemikhiqizo yokuhlanza ezintweni.
- Izibuko zokukhulisa zikuvumela ukuba uhlole imininingwane emihle kanye nokungapheleli okuncane.
- Ama-spatula awusizo ekususeni ngobumnene izingqimba zokungcola noma ukuvanisha.
- Izikhwama zokulondoloza ziyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe izinto ezibuyiselwe futhi kuvimbele umonakalo esikhathini esizayo.
- Gcina lawa mathuluzi ekhona kuyo yonke inqubo yokubuyisela ukuze wenze umsebenzi wakho ube lula futhi uqinisekise imiphumela emihle.
Isinyathelo sesi-2: Ukuthola Ama-Artifacts
Ukuze uhlonze izindawo zemivubukulo e-Afrika lapho kutholwe khona izinto zobuciko, landela le miyalo:
- Funda mayelana nokumbiwa kwangaphambilini: Bheka izincwadi zomlando, izindatshana zesayensi kanye nemibhalo yemivubukulo ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana nokumbiwa kwangaphambilini e-Afrika. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukwazi amasayithi lapho ama-artifact atholwe khona.
- Buka amamephu: Sebenzisa imephu yendawo noma ye-archaeological ukuze uthole amasayithi lapho izinto zobuciko zitholwe khona e-Afrika. Ungasebenzisa futhi amamephu aku-inthanethi, njenge-Google Maps, ukuze ubuke izindawo zezingosi zemivubukulo ezaziwayo.
- Sesha Imibiko: Buka imibiko yohambo lwemivubukulo nama-athikili ocwaningo ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe kumasayithi lapho kutholwe khona izinto zobuciko e-Afrika. Le mibiko inganikeza izixhumanisi ezinembile nezincazelo zamasayithi.
Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze uthole izinto zobuciko e-Afrika, ungabheka incwadi ethi “Archaeological Sites in Africa” kaJohn Smith, ebala izindawo ezibalulekile zemivubukulo ezwenikazi. Usebenzisa i-Google Maps ungasesha amasayithi athile afana ne-Valley of the Kings e-Egypt noma isiza se-Great Zimbabwe eZimbabwe. Ungathola futhi imibiko enemininingwane mayelana nokumbiwa kwangaphambilini kumajenali esayensi afana ne-“Archaeology Africa”.
Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo ezilula, uzokwazi ukuthola izindawo zemivubukulo e-Afrika lapho kutholwe khona ama-artifact bese uqala ukusesha kwakho ngolwazi oluqinile. Ngikufisela inhlanhla !
Isinyathelo sesi-3: Ukumba
- Gcoba ngokucophelela izindawo ezihlonziwe usebenzisa amasu afanele okumba.
- Sebenzisa ifosholo noma i-trowel ukuze ususe ngobumnene ungqimba olungaphezulu lomhlabathi futhi uveze izingqimba ezingezansi.
- Sebenza ngendlela efanele, unakekela ukulondoloza ubuqotho bezinto zobuciko ngesikhathi sokumba.
- Sebenzisa amabhulashi anamabristle athambile ukuze ususe ngobumnene ukungcola ezintweni ezingamboziwe.
- Uma uthola izinto ezintekenteke noma ezithambile, sebenzisa amathuluzi akhethekile, njengama-spatula epulasitiki, ukuze uziphathe ngokucophelela.
- Yenza amanothi anemininingwane ngendawo enembile yento ngayinye futhi uthathe izithombe ukuze ubhale lokho okutholakele.
- Qhubeka nokumba nokusesha uze ufinyelele ungqimba lomhlabathi ongenalutho noma usuhlole zonke izindawo ezihlonziwe.
- Uma usuqedile ukumba, buyisela ngokucophelela inhlabathi esusiwe ukuze uvikele indawo kuze kufike isinyathelo esilandelayo.
Isinyathelo sesi-4: Amadokhumenti
Bhala ngokucophelela zonke izinyathelo zokumbiwa nokukhipha izinto zobuciko. Thatha amanothi anemininingwane, izithombe kanye nemidwebo ukuze uyisebenzise esikhathini esizayo. Le mibhalo izoba umthombo obalulekile wolwazi ukuze kuhlaziywe futhi kuchazwe okutholwe ngemivubukulo. Qiniseka ukuthi urekhoda yonke imininingwane ebalulekile njengendawo eqondile ye-artifact ngayinye, izimo lapho itholwe khona, kanye nanoma yikuphi okuphawuliwe okuhlobene.
Isinyathelo sesi-5: Ukuhlanza
Hlanza ama-artifact usebenzisa izindlela ezifanele zokususa ukungcola namadiphozithi ngaphandle kokuwalimaza. Qala ngokukhipha uthuli usebenzisa ibhulashi elithambile noma indwangu engenalutho. Okulandelayo, sebenzisa isicoci esithambile esidizayinelwe ngokukhethekile okokusebenza kwe-artifact, njengamanzi anensipho ezindaweni ezingathambile. Ligcobe ngokucophelela ngokulihlikihla kahle ngendwangu ehlanzekile. Ekugcineni, hlambulula kahle ngamanzi ahlanzekile ukuze ususe noma iyiphi insalela ehlanzekile.
Isinyathelo sesi-6: Izinga
Hlukanisa ama-artifact ngokusekelwe ezintweni zawo, umumo, ukusetshenziswa okucatshangwayo, njll. Lesi sinyathelo sizokusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono umongo wabo wemivubukulo. Hlunga ama-artifact ube ngamaqembu ngokusekelwe kuzici zawo ezivamile, njengezinto zobumba, amathuluzi ensimbi, noma imihlobiso yamatshe. Hlaziya iqembu ngalinye ngokwehlukana, uhlonze ukufana nomehluko phakathi kwama-artifact. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuzokuvumela ukuthi uqonde kangcono imisebenzi yabantu edlule kanye nokubaluleka kwezinto ezitholakele.
Isinyathelo sesi-7: Ukuhlaziya
Yenza ukuhlaziya kwesayensi kuma-artifact ukuze uqonde kangcono umsuka wawo nokusebenza kwawo. Sebenzisa izindlela ezinjengokuhlaziya amakhemikhali, ukujola kwekhabhoni, ukuhlaziya iDNA, njll. Lokhu kuhlaziya kuzohlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokwakheka, ubudala kanye nomsuka wama-artifact, okunikela ekuchazeni kangcono ukusetshenziswa kwawo nokubaluleka komlando.
Isinyathelo sesi-8: Ukutolika
Ukuze uhumushe imiphumela yokuhlaziya bese ufinyelela iziphetho mayelana nomlando nencazelo yezinto zobuciko, qala uhlole idatha eqoqiwe. Thola izitayela, amaphethini, noma okungaqondakali okungasiza ukuqonda isiko, inkathi, noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezifundwayo.
Bese uqhathanisa le miphumela nokunye okutholakele okufanayo. Bheka ukufana okubalulekile noma umehluko ongakhulisa ulwazi lwakho ngesihloko. Ngokuhlaziya ukuhluka kokubalulekile, izitayela, amasu, noma ezinye izici, ungaqonda kangcono ukubaluleka kwama-artifact kumongo wawo womlando noma wamasiko.
Khumbula ukubhala okuqaphele neziphetho zakho ngokucacile nangokunembile. Sebenzisa amagrafu, amathebula noma izifinyezo ukwethula idatha ngendlela efinyelelekayo neqondakala kalula. Bheka futhi emithonjeni ethembekile nethembekile ukusekela izimpikiswano zakho.
Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo, uzokwazi ukuhumusha imiphumela yokuhlaziya kwakho futhi uthole ukuqonda kangcono umlando nencazelo yezinto zobuciko ezifundiwe.
Isifinyezo sezindlela zokuhlaziya
Sengiphetha, ukuhlaziya izinto zakudala zemivubukulo ezitholakala e-Afrika, kubalulekile ukulungiselela kahle ngokwamakhono, izinto zokusebenza nezinsiza. Amadokhumenti acophelelayo nawo abalulekile ukuze urekhode yonke imininingwane efanele mayelana nama-artifacts. Okokugcina, ukuhlaziya okujulile kwezinto zobuciko kuvumela ukuthi kufinyelelwe esiphethweni esizwakalayo mayelana nomlando namasiko ase-Afrika. Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo ezibalulekile, abavubukuli bangaba nengxenye ekuqondeni kangcono okwedlule kwaleli zwekazi elithakazelisayo.
Ama-Outils avikela
Iseluleko esisebenzayo
Indlela yokusebenzisa i-Archaeology yase-Afrika
- Qala ngokufunda ngokucophelela isifinyezo sikamagazini othi “African Archaeology” ukuze uzijwayeze ngezihloko nezindikimba ezahlukene ezihlanganisiwe.
- Zinike isikhathi sokufunda izihloko, uqale ngalezo ezihambisana kakhulu nezinto ozithandayo noma izinga lolwazi.
- Sebenzisa isichazamazwi noma ithuluzi lokuhumusha uma kunesidingo ukuze uqonde amagama athile noma imiqondo ehlobene nesayensi yemivubukulo yase-Afrika
- Bhala amanothi bese udwebela ulwazi oluyisihluthulelo noma iziqephu ezithakazelisayo ukuze ujulise ukuqonda kwakho
- Bamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni noma ezithangamini eziku-inthanethi zemivubukulo yase-Afrika ukushintshanisa nabanye abathanda futhi ucebise ulwazi lwakho
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Nge-African Archeology
Kubaluleke kangakanani ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe emkhakheni we-Archaeology yase-Afrika?
Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kudlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni we-Archaeology yase-Afrika. Okokuqala nje, ikhuthaza ukushintshana kobuchwepheshe nolwazi phakathi kwabavubukuli base-Afrika kanye nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuvumela abacwaningi base-Afrika ukuthi bahlomule entuthukweni yendlela yokusebenza nezobuchwepheshe eyenziwe emhlabeni wonke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kusiza ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zezezimali ezidingekayo ukuze kuqhutshwe imivubukulo, kwenziwe ukuhlaziya kwesayensi nokugcina amagugu amasiko ase-Afrika. Amaphrojekthi amaningi okuvubukula e-Afrika axhaswa yizikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe, ohulumeni bangaphandle noma izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni.
Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuphinde kugqugquzele ukusungulwa kokuqeqeshwa kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa amakhono kwabavubukuli base-Afrika. Lezi zinhlelo zisiza ukuthuthukisa amakhono ezobuchwepheshe nawesayensi abacwaningi base-Afrika, okunomthelela ekuhlonyisweni nasekuqhakambiseni amagugu e-archaeological ase-Afrika.
Okokugcina, ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kunomthelela ekukhuthazeni ucwaningo lwemivubukulo e-Afrika kanye nokusatshalaliswa kolwazi kubabukeli abaningi. Ukusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwenza ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi zesayensi, imibukiso kanye nezingqungquthela ezigqamisa umlando kanye nengcebo yamasiko e-Afrika.
Ngamafuphi, ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kubalulekile emkhakheni we-archeology yase-Afrika ngoba ikhuthaza ukuhwebelana kobuchwepheshe, ukuxhaswa ngemali, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokusabalalisa ulwazi. Ngakho-ke inomthelela ekulondolozweni nasekuthuthukiseni amagugu e-archaeological ase-Afrika.
Ngabe imivubukulo yase-Afrika inikela kanjani ekulondolozweni kwamagugu amasiko ezwekazi?
Isayensi yemivubukulo yase-Afrika inikela ngezindlela ezahlukene ekulondolozweni kwamagugu amasiko ezwekazi.
Okokuqala nje, ivumela ukutholakala nokucwaninga kwezindawo zemivubukulo, ezingofakazi abayigugu bomlando namasiko ase-Afrika. Lezi zindawo zihlanganisa izinsalela zamadolobha asendulo, amadolobhana, amathuna, ubuciko bedwala, njll. Imivubukulo inikeza ukuqonda okungcono kwezindlela zokuphila, izinkolelo namasiko abantu ababephila ezwenikazi izinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule. Ngokubhala kanye nokugcina lezi zindawo, isayensi yemivubukulo isiza ekulondolozeni inkumbulo ehlangene ye-Afrika.
Ukwengeza, imivubukulo ifaka isandla ekulondolozweni kwezinto ezivubukulayo ngokwazo. Imivubukulo iveza izinto zobuciko ezifana nezitsha zobumba, izithombe eziqoshiwe, ubucwebe, amathuluzi, njll. Lezi zinto zivame ukuba ntekenteke futhi zisengozini yokuwohloka, ukwebiwa noma ukushushumbiswa okungekho emthethweni. Ngakho-ke abavubukuli basebenzela ukongiwa kwabo, ukubuyisela kanye nombukiso kumamnyuziyamu noma izikhungo zamasiko. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi zigcinelwe izizukulwane ezizayo futhi zabiwe nomphakathi.
Okokugcina, imivubukulo idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni amagugu amasiko ase-Afrika. Okutholwe ngemivubukulo kusiza ukuqinisa ubunikazi bamasiko emiphakathi yendawo ngokuyikhumbuza ngefa layo lomlando. Zingaphinda zidonse ukunaka kwezivakashi nabacwaningi abavela emhlabeni wonke, zikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kanye nokuqwashisa ngengcebo yamasiko e-Afrika.
Ngamafuphi, isayensi yemivubukulo yase-Afrika ifaka isandla ekulondolozweni kwamagugu amasiko ezwekazi ngokubhala, ukulondoloza nokukhuthaza izindawo zemivubukulo kanye nezinto eziphuma kuzo. Ngakho-ke idlala indima ebalulekile ekudluliseni nasekuvikeleni umlando namasiko ase-Afrika.