Siyakwamukela kubhulogi yami! Namuhla, sizohlola ndawonye isihloko esithakazelisayo: isakhiwo senhlalo yemiphakathi yase-Afrika. Sizongena ekujuleni komlando wase-Afrika ukuze siqonde ukuthi lezi zimpucuko zazihlelwe kanjani nokuthi yiyiphi indima eyadlalwa yisakhiwo senhlalo ekuthuthukisweni kwazo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumuntu othanda umlando, ungumfundi othanda ukwazi, noma ungumuntu nje ofuna ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nesikhathi esedlule sase-Afrika, lokhu okuthunyelwe kungokwakho. Lungiselela ukwandisa ama-horizons akho futhi uthuthukise ukuqonda okungcono kwalezi zimpucuko ezicebile nezihlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ake singene kulokhu kuhlola okujabulisayo ndawonye!
Impumelelo enkulu kakhulu yezincwadi ngempucuko yase-Afrika
Impucuko yase-Afrika yasendulo
Impucuko yasendulo yase-Afrika ivame ukunganakwa noma ibukelwa phansi emlandweni womhlaba. Kodwa-ke, babambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Afrika futhi bashiya ifa elibalulekile lamasiko. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola ezinye zalezi zimpucuko ezithakazelisayo.
IGibhithe lasendulo
I-Egypt yasendulo cishe iyimpucuko yase-Afrika eyaziwa kakhulu futhi efundwa kakhulu. Yachuma iminyaka engaphezu kuka-3 futhi yashiya ifa elimangalisayo lezamasiko nezakhiwo. Nazi ezinye zezici zayo eziyinhloko:
- Ukwakhiwa kwamaphiramidi ayizifanekiselo, izimpawu zobukhulu namandla oFaro.
- Isistimu yokubhala eyinkimbinkimbi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-hieroglyphics.
- Ukuthuthukiswa okuthuthukile kwezolimo, izakhiwo kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi.
- Izinkolelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zazigxile ekukhulekeleni onkulunkulu nokuphila ngemva kokufa.
- Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle eqinile enesigaba sabapristi, ababhali nabasebenzi bezolimo.
UMbuso WaseMali
Umbuso waseMali wawungomunye wemibuso emikhulu futhi ecebe kakhulu eNtshonalanga Afrika. Yafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngekhulu le-XNUMX futhi yayidume ngesimiso sayo sokuhweba esichumayo nengcebo yegolide. Nazi ezinye zezici zayo eziyinhloko:
- Yasungulwa yiNkosi uSundiata Keita, obhekwa njengomsunguli wombuso.
- Ukulawulwa kwezindawo ezinkulu ezihlanganisa iMali yanamuhla, iSenegal, iMauritania nengxenye yeGuinea.
- Inhlangano yezombangazwe emaphakathi inombusi oyinhloko.
- Ukuchuma komnotho ngenxa yohwebo lwegolide nosawoti.
- Ithonya elibalulekile lamasiko, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yezokwakha nemibhalo.
Umbuso we-Axum
Umbuso wase-Aksum, ose-Ethiopia yanamuhla, wawungesinye sezifundazwe zokuqala zobuKristu e-Afrika. Yachuma kusukela ekhulwini lokuqala kuya kwelesi-XNUMX futhi yaba nendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuKristu eMpumalanga Afrika. Nazi ezinye zezici zayo eziyinhloko:
- Isisekelo senganekwane senkosi uMenelik I, indodana yeNkosi uSolomoni kanye neNdlovukazi yaseSheba.
- Isikhungo sezenkolo esibalulekile esinesonto laseSainte-Marie-de-Sion, eligcina umphongolo wesivumelwano ngokwesiko.
- Ukulawulwa okuningi koLwandle Olubomvu nohwebo lwesifunda.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kombhalo nolimi, olubizwa ngokuthi i-ge'ez, olwasetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka.
- Ithonya elihlala isikhathi eside lamasiko esifundeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezakhiwo nezobuciko bezenkolo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo yempucuko yase-Afrika
Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola isakhiwo senhlalo yempucuko yase-Afrika. Le miphakathi, ecebile ngokwehlukahlukana kwamasiko, yakha izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle eziyinkimbinkimbi ezabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke komuntu ngamunye. Sizoxoxa ngezigaba ezahlukene zenhlalo, izinhlelo zokubusa kanye nobudlelwano bomphakathi obugqame lezi zimpucuko.
Amakilasi omphakathi
Impucuko yase-Afrika yaphawulwa ngohlelo lwenhlalakahle oluvame ukususelwa kumibandela efana nokuzalwa, ingcebo namakhono. Nazi ezinye zezigaba zomphakathi ezivame kakhulu:
- Amakhosi namakhosi: Ayephethe isikhundla esiphezulu senhlalakahle futhi ayebhekwa njengabaholi bezombangazwe nabangokomoya bomphakathi.
- Izicukuthwane namaqhawe: Babevame ukuxhunyaniswa nomndeni wasebukhosini futhi babe nendima ebalulekile yezempi neyokuphatha.
- Abapristi nababhuli: Babenomthwalo wemfanelo ngemikhuba yenkolo futhi bedlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni okungokomoya komphakathi.
- Izingcweti nabahwebi: Babekhethekile kwezohwebo ezihlukene futhi bahweba ngemikhiqizo yabo ezimakethe zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe.
- Abalimi nabafuyi: Bakha isisekelo somnotho wezolimo futhi baqinisekisa ukutholakala kokudla emphakathini.
- Izigqila: Nakuba kunecala, imiphakathi yase-Afrika nayo yabhekana nokuba khona kobugqila, lapho abantu abathile benziwa izigqila.
Izinhlelo zokubusa
Impucuko yase-Afrika yamukele izinhlelo ezahlukene zokubusa ngokuya ngenhlangano yazo yezenhlalo nezinkolelo. Nazi izibonelo:
- Ubukhosi: Imiphakathi eminingi yase-Afrika yayibuswa inkosi noma umholi ophakeme, owayenamandla amakhulu phezu komphakathi.
- Imiphakathi ye-Matrilineal: Eminye imiphakathi yase-Afrika yalandela uhlelo lokuzala kukamama, lapho ifa nokulandelana kwakudlula kulayini kamama.
- Izinhlelo zobukhosi: Ezinye izifunda zazibuswa amakhosi endawo, ayenegunya elilinganiselwe kodwa abamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zomphakathi.
- Imiphakathi yentando yeningi: Ezinye izimpucuko zase-Afrika, njengamariphabhulikhi asendulo aseNtshonalanga Afrika, zazisebenza ngesisekelo sezinhlelo zentando yeningi lapho izinqumo zazithathwa khona ngokuhlanganyela.
Ubudlelwano bomphakathi
Impucuko yase-Afrika yakha ubudlelwano bomphakathi obuyinkimbinkimbi obathonya ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu nemiphakathi. Nazi izici ezibalulekile:
- I-Kinship Systems: Ubudlelwane bomndeni babubalulekile emiphakathini yase-Afrika, futhi abantu babevame ukuchazwa ngokusekelwe ebulungwini babo bomndeni othile, isizwe, noma umndeni.
- Ubumbano Lomphakathi: Imiphakathi yase-Afrika yayibonakala ngokubumbana komphakathi okuqinile, lapho abantu besekelana ngezikhathi zenjabulo nobunzima.
- Izindima zobulili: Izindima zobulili zazivame ukuchazwa futhi zehlukaniswe emiphakathini yase-Afrika, kube nezibopho ezithile zabesilisa nabesifazane.
- IziNhlelo Zokufunda: Ulwazi namakhono kwadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngezinhlelo zokufunda zendabuko, njengokuthwasa nokufundisa ngomlomo.
Ukungalingani kanye nezigaba
Ukungalingani kanye nezigaba zenhlalo bekulokhu kuyizici zemiphakathi yabantu, futhi impucuko yase-Afrika ayifani. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola izinhlobo ezahlukene zezigaba kanye nokungalingani okwakukhona emiphakathini yase-Afrika, kanye nezici ezibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwazo.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokungalingani
Impucuko yase-Afrika yayihlukene futhi yethula izinhlobo ezahlukene zokungalingani kanye nezikhundla. Nawa amanye amafomu avame kakhulu:
- Isigaba senhlalo : Imiphakathi yase-Afrika yayivame ukuhlelwa ngokuvumelana nesakhiwo senhlalo esinqunyiwe, lapho abantu babehlukaniswa ngokwesimo sabo nendima yabo emphakathini. Amakhosi, abaholi bezizwe nezicukuthwane babenezikhundla eziphakeme, kuyilapho abalimi, izingcweti nezigqila babesezingeni eliphezulu emphakathini.
- Ukungalingani kwezomnotho : Impucuko yase-Afrika nayo ibonise ukungalingani kwezomnotho, lapho idlanzana laliphethe ingcebo nezinsiza eziningi, kuyilapho iningi labantu liphila ngobumpofu. Lokhu kungalingani kwezomnotho kwakuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nobunikazi bomhlaba, izilwane noma izimpahla zohwebo.
- Ukungalingani ngokobulili : Ubulili ngokuvamile kwakuyisici esinqumayo ekungalinganini phakathi kwempucuko yase-Afrika. Abesifazane ngokuvamile babenikezwa indima yasekhaya futhi babengenawo amalungelo namalungelo afanayo nawabesilisa. Abesilisa bona babephethe izikhundla futhi bekwazi ukuthola imfundo namathuba ezomnotho.
Izinto ezibangela ukungalingani kanye nezigaba
Kunezici eziningana ezibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kokungalingani kanye nezigaba ezimpucuko zase-Afrika. Nazi ezinye zezinto ezibalulekile:
- Ifa lamasiko : Ukungalingani kanye nezigaba ngokuvamile kwakusekelwe ezinkolelweni namasiko amasiko empucuko yase-Afrika. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imiphakathi yayibheka isimo somphakathi njengesinqunywa ngokuzalwa, kuyilapho eminye ibeka ukubaluleka kwekhono nokufaneleka.
- Ukufinyelela izinsiza : Ukufinyelela emithonjeni yemvelo efana nomhlaba ovundile, amanzi kanye nezimbiwa phansi kwakuyisici esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kokungalingani. Imiphakathi eyayilawula lezi zinsiza yakwazi ukuqongelela ingcebo namandla okwengeziwe, okwaqinisa isikhundla sayo sokubusa.
- Ubukoloni nobugqila : Ubukoloni base-Europe kanye nokuhweba ngezigqila ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic nakho kwadlala indima enkulu ekungalinganini nasezindabeni ze-Afrika. Abantu baseYurophu babeka olwabo uhlelo lokubusa kwezenhlalo, bekhetha abakhethekile bendawo abavumelana nokubusa kwabo.
Umthelela emphakathini wase-Afrika
Ukungalingani kanye nezikhundla zomphakathi kube nomthelela omkhulu emphakathini wase-Afrika. Nansi eminye yemiphumela ephawuliwe:
- I-polarization yomphakathi : Ukungalingani kudale ukuhlukana phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu, okuqinisa ukungezwani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho emiphakathini yase-Afrika.
- Ukubukelwa phansi kwamaqembu abantulayo : Abantu ngabanye kanye namaqembu angaphansi kwesitebhisi senhlalakahle babevame ukubukelwa phansi futhi bakhishwe emandleni ezombusazwe kanye namathuba ezomnotho.
- Ukuqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani : Izigaba nokungalingani ngokuvamile kwakuqhutshelwa phambili ezizukulwaneni zonke njengoba izinzuzo namalungelo ayedluliselwa ngokofuzo.
- Ukumelana nokulwela ukulingana : Naphezu kokungalingani, izinhlangano eziningi zokuphikisa ziye zavela ukuze zilwe nezigaba zomphakathi futhi zikhuthaze amalungelo alinganayo namathuba.
Sengiphetha, ukungalingani kanye nezigaba zenhlalo kwakuyizinto ezingokoqobo ezikhona emiphakathini yase-Afrika. Kwakuwumphumela wezinto eziningi, njengamagugu amasiko, ukufinyelela ezinsizeni kanye nomthelela wokwenziwa kwamakholoni. Lokhu kungalingani kube nomthelela omkhulu emphakathini wase-Afrika, kudala ukuhlukana komphakathi kanye nokubukela phansi amaqembu athile. Kodwa-ke, baphinde bavusa ukumelana nokulwela ukulingana, befakazela amandla kanye nokuqina kwabantu base-Afrika lapho bebhekene nobunzima.
Amaphoyinti wenhlamvu:
- Izikhundla zomphakathi: amakhosi, izinduna zezizwe, izikhulu, abalimi, izingcweti, izigqila.
- Ukungalingani kwezomnotho: idlanzana elicebile, iningi elimpofu.
- Ukungalingani ngokobulili: izindima zasekhaya zabesifazane, amandla kanye nokufinyelela emfundweni kwabesilisa.
- Amagugu eSiko, ukufinyelela ezinsizeni kanye namakholoni njengezici ezibangela ukungalingani.
- Umthelela emphakathini: ukuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo, ukubukelwa phansi kwamaqembu abantu ababencishwe amathuba, ukuqhubeka kokungalingani, ukumelana nokulwela ukulingana.
Izinguquko zezenhlalo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Impucuko yase-Afrika ihlangabezane nezinguquko eziningi emphakathini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lezi zinguquko zathonywa izici ezihlukene futhi zaba nomthelela omkhulu esakhiweni senhlalo yale miphakathi. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola lezi zinguquko futhi sixoxe ngokubaluleka kwazo.
Izici ezinomthelela ekushintsheni kwezenhlalo
Izinguquko zezenhlalo emiphakathini yase-Afrika zithonywe izici eziningana, njengalezi:
- Ukoloni: Ukwenziwa kwamakoloni kwaseYurophu e-Afrika kube nomthelela omkhulu emiphakathini yase-Afrika. Yethule imikhuba nezimiso ezintsha, yashintsha izakhiwo zezomnotho nezombusazwe, futhi ngokuvamile yaholela ekucekeleni phansi kwezinhlelo zenhlalo ezikhona.
- Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke: Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke nakho kube nendima enkulu ezinguqukweni zezenhlalo e-Afrika. Ukufinyelela kwezobuchwepheshe, abezindaba kanye nemibono evela kwamanye amazwe kuye kwaholela ezinguqukweni ezibalulekile zamasiko nezenhlalo.
- Ukunyakaza kwenkululeko: Izinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko e-Afrika nazo zibe nomthelela ezinhlakeni zomphakathi. Baphikisana nezinhlelo zamakholoni futhi bafuna ukukhuthaza ukulingana, ubulungisa bezenhlalakahle kanye namalungelo abantu.
Umthelela wezinguquko zomphakathi
Izinguquko zezenhlalo emiphakathini yase-Afrika zibe nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni komphakathi kwale miphakathi. Nansi eminye yemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu:
- Izinguquko ezindimeni zobulili: Izinguquko zomphakathi ziholele ekuchazweni kabusha kwezindima zobulili e-Afrika. Abesifazane bathola ukuzimela futhi bathola ukufinyelela okukhulu kwezemfundo, ukuqashwa nokubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe.
- Izinguquko emndenini: Izakhiwo zemindeni nazo zibe nomthelela. Imindeni eyandisiwe yendabuko ivamise ukuthathelwa indawo imindeni emincane yenuzi, ngenxa yokukhula kwamadolobha kanye nomthelela wemikhuba emisha yomndeni waseNtshonalanga.
- Izinguquko ezinhlelweni zokuphatha: Izinguquko zomphakathi nazo zibe nomthelela ezinhlelweni zokuphatha e-Afrika. Amazwe amaningi amukele izinhlelo zentando yeningi futhi afuna ukukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi kanye namalungelo abantu.
Izinzuzo zezinguquko zomphakathi
Izinguquko zezenhlalo e-Afrika zilethe izinzuzo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukuhlonyiswa Kwabesifazane: Izinguquko kwezenhlalo zenze abesifazane bakwazi ukufinyelela imfundo, ukuqashwa kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe, okube nomthelela ekuhlonyisweni kwabo nasekulinganeni ngokobulili okukhulu.
- Ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko nezenhlalo: Izinguquko zomphakathi nazo zibe nomthelela ekuhlukeni okukhulu kwamasiko nezenhlalo e-Afrika. Ukuhwebelana ngamasiko, ukufuduka kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuvumele imiphakathi yase-Afrika ukuba inothiswe ngamathonya nemibono ehlukene.
- ukuthuthukiswa komnotho: Uguquko lwenhlalo yomphakathi luphinde lwakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komnotho e-Afrika. Ukufinyelela emfundweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwabesifazane kukhuphule amabhizinisi abesifazane nokubamba iqhaza ezimakethe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo esihlukahlukene nesiyinkimbinkimbi
Ekuphetheni, kusobala ukuthi impucuko yase-Afrika ibonise ukuhlukahluka kwezakhiwo zomphakathi, kusukela emiphakathini yezizwe kuya emibusweni emaphakathi. Lezi zakhiwo zazivame ukuthonywa yizinto ezifana nezwe, ezomnotho, inkolo nepolitiki. Kubalulekile ukucabangela lezi zakhi ezihlukene lapho ufunda isakhiwo senhlalo yempucuko yase-Afrika.
Esimeni samanje, kuyatuswa ukuqaphela nokukhuthaza ukunotha kwalezi zinhlaka zomphakathi ezahlukene. Kubalulekile futhi ukugqugquzela ukuqonda okuguquguqukayo nokungahlukani komlando wase-Afrika, kugwenywe imibono engaguquki kanye nokusho izinto ezivamile nje. Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ucwaningo kanye nezinhlelo ezifaka isandla ekulondolozweni, ekukhuthazeni nasekubungazeni ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlaka zomphakathi zase-Afrika, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda kwethu okwedlule futhi sakhe ikusasa elibandakanya wonke umuntu.