Siyakwamukela kubhulogi yethu! Namuhla, sizongena ezweni elicebile lemibhalo yase-Afrika. Uma uzifela ngezincwadi noma umane ufuna ukwazi ukuthola ulwazi olusha lwemibhalo, usendaweni efanele. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe, sizohlola izitayela ezinkulu zemibhalo yezincwadi zase-Afrika, ukuze siqonde kangcono amathonya ahlukene, amazwi kanye nezindaba ezilolonge le ndlela yokukhuluma ehehayo. Noma ngabe ungumfundi oshisekayo noma umusha esihlokweni, lungiselela ukumangala ngokuhlukahluka nokujula kwemibhalo yase-Afrika. Ngakho-ke, masiluqale ndawonye lolu hambo lwemibhalo futhi sithole amagugu leli zwekazi elizokunikeza.
Abathengisi abahamba phambili bezincwadi zase-Afrika
Amathrendi ezincwadi zenkathi yamakholoni
Isikhathi sobukoloni e-Afrika saphawulwa yizinxushunxushu eziningi zezepolitiki, zezenhlalo namasiko. Lezi zinguquko zibe nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemibhalo yase-Afrika. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwavela imikhakha eyahlukene yemibhalo, ikhombisa amaqiniso kanye nezifiso zababhali base-Afrika.
I-Négritude: isiqinisekiso sobunikazi bomuntu omnyama
I-Négritude iyinhlangano ebhaliwe nengokwenhlakanipho eyasungulwa ngababhali base-Afrika nabaseNtshonalanga yamaNdiya ngeminyaka yawo-1930 kanye no-1940. Iyimpendulo ekubuseni kwamakholoni kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala, okuhloswe ngayo ukuqinisa ubunjalo bomuntu omnyama nokugubha isiko lama-Afrika.
Izici eziyinhloko ze-negritude yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Ukuvuselelwa kwesiko lama-Afrika : Ababhali be-Negritude bafuna ukuvuselela amasiko ase-Afrika, ngokugqamisa ubuhle bobuciko, umculo kanye nezinkondlo zase-Afrika.
- Ukuqinisekiswa kobunikazi obumnyama : I-Negritude ihloswe ukuba ibe impendulo ekwehlisweni kohlanga olumnyama ngesikhathi sobukoloni. Ababhali balo mbutho bebefuna ukugqamisa ukuzigqaja nesithunzi somuntu omnyama.
- Ukugxekwa kobukoloniyali : I-Negritude nayo ibiyindlela yokugxeka nokugxeka ubukoloni, ngokugqamisa ukungabi nabulungiswa nokucwaswa kwabantu base-Afrika namaNdiya aseNtshonalanga.
Izincwadi ezihlanganyele: izwi lenkululeko
Imibhalo ehlanganisiwe iyinhlangano yemibhalo eyavela ngesikhathi sobukoloni e-Afrika. Kuwuhlobo lwenkulumo yobuciko ehlose ukuqwashisa ngezindaba zomphakathi nezepolitiki, kanye nokugqugquzela isenzo noshintsho.
Nazi ezinye izici zezincwadi ezithintekayo:
- Ukugxekwa kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki : ababhali abazinikele basebenzisa ipeni labo ukugxeka ukungabi nabulungiswa, ukungalingani kanye nokusebenzisa kabi amandla. Bagqamisa izinkinga zezenhlalo nezombusazwe ezibhekene nomphakathi wabo.
- Bizela esenzweni : izincwadi ezithintekayo zikhuthaza umfundi ukuba acabange futhi enze. Ifuna ukuqwashisa ngeqoqo futhi ihlanganise abantu ngabanye ukuze balethe izinguquko ezinhle.
- Ukunxusa inkululeko kanye nenkululeko : ababhali abazinikele balwela inkululeko, ubulungisa nokulingana. Imibhalo yabo imvamisa iyizwi labacindezelwe nabancishwe inyumbazana, befuna inkululeko nokukhululwa kwabantu babo.
Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kokunganaki nezincwadi ezizinikele
Ukuze uqonde kangcono lezi zindlela ezimbili zokubhala, nasi isiqhathaniso phakathi kokunganaki nezincwadi ezizinikele:
Négritude | Izincwadi zomshado |
---|---|
Ukuqinisekiswa kobunikazi obumnyama | Ukugxekwa kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki |
Ukubungazwa kwamasiko ase-Afrika | Bizela esenzweni |
Ukugxekwa kobukoloniyali | Ukunxusa inkululeko kanye nenkululeko |
Lezi zinhlangano ezimbili zokubhala zadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kobuntu base-Afrika kanye nomzabalazo wenkululeko kanye nenkululeko. Bavumela ababhali base-Afrika ukuthi baziveze futhi bakhanyise ngamaqiniso esikhathi sabo.
Sengiphetha, izinkulumo zokunganaki nezincwadi ezizibophezele zaphawula isikhathi samakholoni e-Afrika. Bavumela ababhali base-Afrika ukuthi bathole izwi futhi balwe nengcindezelo yamakholoni. Le misinga iphinde yaba nesandla ekwakhiweni kobuntu base-Afrika kanye nomzabalazo wenkululeko kanye nenkululeko.
Ukunyakaza kwe-negritude
Inhlangano yamaNegritude, eyazalwa ngeminyaka yawo-1930, yaphawula inguquko ebalulekile emlandweni wemibhalo yase-Afrika. Isekelwa ongqondongqondo nababhali abazinikele, ihlose ukukhuthaza isiko labamnyama nokulwa nokucwasa nokucwasa. Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula le nhlangano kanye nomthelela wayo emibhalweni yase-Afrika ngokuningiliziwe, sigqamisa ama-exponents awo ayinhloko kanye nemisebenzi yabo.
Kuyini ukungahloniphi?
I-Negritude iwumqondo oqhakambisa isiko nobuntu babantu abamnyama. Yazalwa ngenxa yokusabela emibonweni yokucwasa ngokwebala kanye neyamakoloni eyayithatha abantu abamnyama njengabaphansi. Ababhali nezihlakaniphi ezibambe iqhaza kulo mbutho bafuna ukubuyisela ukuzigqaja nokubaluleka kwesiko lama-Afrika, ngokugqamisa ingcebo yawo kanye negalelo lawo esintwini.
Abameleli abakhulu bokunganaki
Aimé Césaire
U-Aimé Césaire ungenye yezinsika zokunyakaza kwe-negritude. Incwadi yakhe enkulu, ethi, “Notebook of a Return to the Native Country”, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1939, iyiqoqo lezinkondlo eziveza ukuhlupheka nentukuthelo yabantu abamnyama lapho bebhekene nencindezelo. U-Césaire ugxeka ubukoloni futhi ukhuthaza ukuziqhenya nokuqwashisa ngobunikazi bomuntu omnyama.
Léopold Sedar Senghor
ULéopold Sédar Senghor, imbongi yaseSenegal nosopolitiki, naye ungomunye wabasunguli benhlangano yeNégritude. Iqoqo lakhe lezinkondlo elithi "Chants d'ombre", elanyatheliswa ngo-1945, libhekwa njengomsebenzi omkhulu wokunganaki. I-Senghor ibungaza ubuhle be-Afrika futhi ikhuthaza ubumbano nobumbano phakathi kwabantu abamnyama.
Léon-Gontran Damaseku
ULéon-Gontran Damas, imbongi yaseGuyana, ungomunye ummeleli obalulekile wokungahloniphi. Iqoqo lakhe lezinkondlo ezithi “Pigments”, elashicilelwa ngo-1937, liwukugxeka isimo sabamnyama emphakathini wamakoloni. IDamaseku izwakalisa intukuthelo nokuvukela lapho ibhekene nokungabi nabulungisa nokucindezelwa.
Umthelela wokunganaki emibhalweni yase-Afrika
I-Negritude ibe nomthelela omkhulu emibhalweni yase-Afrika, ezwenikazi naphesheya. Nazi ezinye zezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zaleli thonya:
- I-Valorization of African Culture: I-Négritude isize ukugqamisa ukunotha nokuhlukahluka kwamasiko ase-Afrika, ikhuthaza ababhali ukuthi bahlole futhi bagubhe izimpande zabo. Ngaleyo ndlela waba nesandla ekuveleni kwemibhalo yase-Afrika eqinile neyiqiniso.
- Ukulwa nokucwasa nokucwasa: I-Negritude ibe yithuluzi elinamandla ekulweni nokucwasa nokucwasa. Ngokugxeka imibono ecatshangwayo kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala, ababhali be-Negritude baba nesandla ekuqwashiseni nasekukhuthazeni ukulingana kwabantu.
- Ithonya kokunye umnyakazo wokubhala: I-Negritude iphinde yaba nomthelela kwezinye ukunyakaza kwemibhalo, njengenhlangano ye-African-American Harlem Renaissance e-United States. Lezi zinhlangano zinesifiso esifanayo sokuqhakambisa isiko labantu abamnyama kanye nokulwa nengcindezelo.
Isikhathi se-postcolonial kanye nezincwadi ezihlanganyele
Isikhathi se-postcolonial e-Afrika sidale ukuthi kube nezincwadi ezixoxwayo ezibonisa amaqiniso kanye nezinselele amazwe ase-Afrika asanda kuzimela abhekene nazo. Laba babhali base-Afrika basebenzisa ipeni labo ukuveza isifiso sabo senkululeko, ubunikazi bamasiko abo kanye nokugxeka ukungabi nabulungisa nokungalingani kwezenhlalakahle.
Ababhali abahilelekile
Ababhali abaningi base-Afrika bavela phakathi nalesi sikhathi se-postcolonial futhi babamba iqhaza ekubhaleni izincwadi. Naba abanye ababhali ababaluleke kakhulu:
- U-Chinua Achebe (eNigeria): Ethathwa njengomunye wabasunguli bemibhalo yesimanje yase-Afrika, u-Achebe wakhuluma ngezindikimba ezinjengomthelela wobukoloniyali emasikweni ase-Afrika kanye nesidingo sokuphinda bathole ubuyena bangempela base-Afrika.
- Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Kenya): U-Ngũgĩ wabhala ngolimi lwakhe lwendabuko, isiKikuyu, ukuze akhuthaze ukuzigqaja nokugcinwa kwesiko lama-Afrika. Uphinde wakhuluma ngezihloko ezifana nenkohlakalo yezepolitiki nokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho.
- U-Mariama Bâ (Senegal): Waziwa ngenoveli yakhe ethi “Souch a Long Letter,” i-Bâ isikhanyisela ngezinkinga ezibhekene nabesifazane base-Afrika, okuhlanganisa imishado ephoqelelwe, ingcindezelo kanye nemingcele elindelwe umphakathi.
- UWole Soyinka (Nigeria): UmAfrika wokuqala owawina uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi, uSoyinka ukhulume ngezindikimba ezifana nobushiqela bezepolitiki, ingcindezelo kanye nokulwela inkululeko emidlalweni nasezinkondlweni zakhe.
Izindikimba
Izincwadi ezithintekayo zenkathi yangemva kobukoloni e-Afrika zikhulume ngezindikimba ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile. Nazi ezinye izingqikithi ezivame kakhulu:
- Ubukoloniyali: Ababhali bahlola imiphumela yobukoloniyali emphakathini wase-Afrika, okuhlanganisa nokulahlekelwa ubunikazi bamasiko, ukuxhashazwa kwezomnotho, nodlame lwamakholoni.
- I-African Identity: Ukucinga nokugcinwa kobu-Afrika kube yindikimba eyinhloko emanovelini nasezinkondlweni eziningi. Ababhali bafuna ukuphinde bathole ukuzigqaja namandla esiko lama-Afrika.
- Ingcindezelo: Ukugxekwa kwengcindezelo yezombangazwe, yezenhlalakahle nezomnotho kube yindaba ephindaphindayo ezincwadini ezizibophezele. Ababhali bachaza ukungabi nabulungisa nokungalingani ama-Afrika abhekana nakho.
- Isimo Sabesifazane: Izincwadi ezithenjisiwe ziye zagqamisa izindaba ezithile ezibhekene nabesifazane base-Afrika, njengokushada ngenkani, isithembu kanye nokulindelwe umphakathi okunemingcele.
- UMzabalazo Wenkululeko: Ababhali abaningi baveze umzabalazo wenkululeko yezombangazwe nenhlalo emisebenzini yabo. Bagcizelele ukubaluleka kokuphikiswa kanye nokulwa nengcindezelo.
Ukubaluleka kwezincwadi ezithintekayo
Imibhalo esetshenziswayo yenkathi yangemva kobukoloni e-Afrika idlala indima ebalulekile ekulondolozweni komlando, amasiko kanye nezinkumbulo ezihlangene zezwekazi lase-Afrika. Kube negalelo futhi ekuqwashiseni abantu nasekulweni nokungabi nabulungiswa nokungalingani.
Nazi ezinye zezinzuzo namaphuzu abalulekile ezincwadi ezibanjiwe:
- Inikeza izwi kubantu base-Afrika futhi ibavumele ukuthi babelane ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo nemizabalazo yabo.
- Kusivumela ukuba sibuze ukulandisa kwamakholoni futhi siphinde simise umbono oyiqiniso womlando namasiko ase-Afrika.
- Ifaka isandla ekwakhiweni kobu-Afrika obuqinile nobuziqhenyayo.
- Iqwashisa ngengcindezelo kanye nokungabi nabulungiswa kwabantu base-Afrika, ngalokho ikhuthaza ukumelana nomzabalazo wenkululeko.
- Inikeza omunye umbono obucayi ezindabeni zesimanje zenhlalo nezepolitiki e-Afrika.
Sengiphetha, inkathi yangemva kobukoloniyali e-Afrika yazala imibhalo eyayibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekulondolozeni umlando, amasiko kanye nomzabalazo wenkululeko ezwenikazi. Ababhali abazibophezele basebenzisa amapeni abo ukugxeka ukungabi nabulungisa, ukukhuthaza ubu-Afrika kanye nokuqwashisa ngezinselelo amazwe ase-Afrika abhekene nazo.
Izitayela zesimanje ezincwadini zase-Afrika
Imibhalo yesimanje yase-Afrika ingumfanekiso ophilayo wokuhlukahluka kwamasiko namaqiniso ezenhlalo ezwekazi. Ihlala iguquguquka futhi imakwa ngemisinga ehlukene eyinika ukunotha kwayo kanye nokucaciswa kwayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izitayela ezintathu ezinkulu ezincwadini zase-Afrika zanamuhla: izincwadi ze-postcolonial, izincwadi ze-diaspora kanye namaqiniso omlingo.
Izincwadi zePostcolonial
Izincwadi zase-Afrika ze-postcolonial zivela ngemva kokuphela kwemibuso yamakholoni futhi zigxile emiphumeleni yekoloni emiphakathini yase-Afrika. Ihlola izindikimba zobuwena, uhlanga, ulimi namandla, futhi inselele izinkulumo ezivelele kanye nemibono engaguquki ehlobene ne-Afrika. Nazi ezinye izici zemibhalo ye-African postcolonial:
- Sesha ukusetshenziswa kabusha komlando namasiko ase-Afrika.
- Ukusetshenziswa kolimi lwamakholoni ukuveza amaqiniso ase-Afrika kanye nokubekela inselele imikhuba yolimi ebekiwe.
- Ukugxekwa kobukoloniyali kanye nokungabi nabulungisa kwezenhlalo.
- Igqamisa amazwi abecwaswa kanye nezindaba zasendaweni.
Izincwadi ze-Diaspora
Imibhalo ye-African diaspora ibhalwe ngababhali base-Afrika abahlala ngaphandle kwezwekazi. Uhlola okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu base-Afrika abahlakazekile, ubunikazi obuxubile kanye nezinkinga zabokufika. Nazi izici eziyinhloko zemibhalo ye-diaspora yase-Afrika:
- Ukuhlola amatimu okusiphula, ubunikazi obuhlukene kanye nokufuna ukuba ngowakho.
- Ingxubevange yamasiko namasiko ase-Afrika amazwe aphethe.
- Ukusetshenziswa kolimi lokudingiswa (isiFulentshi, isiNgisi, isiPutukezi, njll.) olunamathonya amasiko ase-Afrika.
- Ukucabangisisa ngezindaba zokufuduka, ukucwasa kanye nokuhlanganiswa.
Amaqiniso omlingo
Amaqiniso omlingo umnyakazo wokubhala oxuba okungokoqobo kanye nezinto eziwumlingo noma ezingaphezu kwemvelo. E-Afrika, ubuqiniso bomlingo busetshenziselwa ukumela inkimbinkimbi yamaqiniso ezenhlalo namasiko ezwekazi. Nazi izici zobuqiniso bomlingo ezincwadini zase-Afrika:
- Ukuhlanganiswa kweqiniso nomcabango ukumela ingokomoya lase-Afrika nezinkolelo zendabuko.
- Ukusetshenziswa okumangalisayo ukuveza imibono nemizwa okunzima ukuyidlulisela ngamathuluzi eqiniso eliwumgomo.
- I-allegory yesimo somuntu nezinkinga zomphakathi.
- Ukumelwa kwemihlaba ehambisanayo kanye nobukhulu obungabonakali.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwamathrendi emibhalo yesimanje
Nali ithebula lokuqhathanisa lamathrendi emibhalo yesimanje e-Afrika:
Ukunyakaza kwemibhalo | Izici eziyinhloko |
---|---|
Izincwadi zePostcolonial | Ukwamukelwa kabusha komlando namasiko ase-Afrika, ukugxekwa kobukoloniyali, ukugqamisa amazwi abecwaswa. |
Izincwadi ze-Diaspora | Ukuhlolwa kobunikazi obuyingxube, ingxubevange yamasiko namasiko ase-Afrika amazwe aphethe, ukuboniswa ngezindaba zokufuduka. |
Umlingo ongokoqobo | Ukuhlanganiswa kweqiniso nomcabango, ukumelwa kwengokomoya lase-Afrika, umfanekiso wesimo somuntu. |
Sengiphetha, izincwadi zesimanje zase-Afrika ziwubufakazi obuqand’ikhanda bokwehlukahlukana nobunkimbinkimbi bezwekazi. Amathrendi emibhalo ye-postcolonial, diasporic, kanye nemilingo aletha imibono eyingqayizivele nenamandla enothisa izincwadi zomhlaba. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumuntu othanda izincwadi noma umane ufuna ukwazi amazwi amasha, gxila kule minyakazo yemibhalo yase-Afrika futhi uvumele ukuthuthwa ngamandla nobuhle bayo.
Isifinyezo sezitayela zemibhalo yase-Afrika
Sengiphetha, imibhalo yase-Afrika inothile futhi ihlukahlukene, inezinhlangano eziningi ezinkulu zemibhalo ezivele eminyakeni edlule. Sicubungule eminye yale migubho, njengokungahloniphi, ubuqiniso bomlingo kanye nemibhalo yangemva kobukoloni, konke okwasiza ekulolongeni ubunjalo bombhalo we-Afrika. Ukuze uqonde kangcono lezi zindlela kanye nemithelela yazo, kunconywa ukuthi uhlole imisebenzi emikhulu yezincwadi zase-Afrika, njengokuthi “Une si longue lettre” ka-Mariama Bâ, “Les soleils des independances” ka-Ahmadou Kourouma kanye nethi “Les soleils des independances” ka-Ahmadou Kourouma kanye noLionheart” kaWilfried N’Sondé. Le misebenzi ekhangayo inikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngokoqobo kwe-Afrika kanye nezici zayo eziningi. Ngokuzifunda, singakwazi ukugxila emibhalweni emikhulu yezincwadi zase-Afrika futhi sazise ukunotha kwamasiko nobuciko elikunikezayo.