Siyakwamukela kubhulogi yethu! Namuhla sizodingida umlando othokozisayo wezinhlangano ezazilwela inkululeko e-Afrika. Siyaqonda ukuthi umlando wase-Afrika uvame ukunganakwa noma ungaqondwa, yingakho sinqume ukukulethela lesi sihloko. Inhloso yethu ukukusiza ukuthi uthole ukunyakaza okuhlukene okwakha isimo sezombangazwe sase-Afrika futhi kwaholela ekukhululweni kwamazwe amaningi ekubuseni kwamakholoni. Lungiselela uhambo oluhehayo ngokusebenzisa isikhathi nendawo, futhi uthuthukise uzwela olujulile ngalabo abalwela inkululeko yezwe labo. Ake siqale lokhu kuhlola komlando ndawonye!
Izincwadi ezithengiswa kakhulu ngokuzimela kwe-Afrika
Imibutho yenkululeko eNyakatho Afrika
ENyakatho ne-Afrika kwakuyinkundla yezinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko ezazilwela inkululeko ngaphansi kombuso wamakoloni waseYurophu. Le nhlangano ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezifunda ezizimele njenge-Algeria neTunisia. Kulesi sihloko, sizogxila ezinhlanganweni ezimbili eziyinhloko ezilwela inkululeko eNyakatho Afrika: I-National Liberation Front (FLN) e-Algeria kanye ne-Neo-Destour, kamuva eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Nidaa Tounes, e-Tunisia.
I-National Liberation Front (FLN) e-Algeria
I-National Liberation Front (FLN) yasungulwa ngo-1954 ukuphendula ukucindezelwa kwamakholoni aseFrance e-Algeria. Nawa amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele uwakhumbule mayelana ne-FLN:
- Inhloso: Inhloso enkulu ye-FLN kwakuwukuthola inkululeko ye-Algeria futhi kuqedwe ukubusa kwamakoloni eFrance.
- Izindlela zomzabalazo: I-FLN yahola umzabalazo wezikhali ngokumelene namabutho aseFrance, isebenzisa amaqhinga e-guerrilla kanye nokuhlasela okuhlosiwe ukwenza buthaka amandla obukoloni.
- Umthelela wamazwe ngamazwe: I-FLN ikwazile ukuthola ukwesekwa amazwe amaningi nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi amazwe ama-Arab kanye ne-Non-Aligned Movement.
- Impi Yokuzimela: Umzabalazo we-FLN waholela empini yeminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yenkululeko (1954-1962) eyaholela ekukhululekeni kwe-Algeria ngo-1962.
I-Neo-Destour ne-Nidaa Tounes e-Tunisia
I-Neo-Destour, kamuva eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Nidaa Tounes, yayiyinhlangano yenkululeko eyabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekukhululekeni kweTunisia. Nansi imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana ne-Néo-Destour ne-Nidaa Tounes:
- Inhloso: I-Neo-Destour ifune ukuthola ukuzimela kwe-Tunisia nokusungula izwe elizimele.
- Umholi oqavile: UHabib Bourguiba, ummeli waseTunisia nosopolitiki, ubambe iqhaza elikhulu kule nhlangano. Waba ngumongameli wokuqala weRiphabhulikhi yaseTunisia ngemuva kwenkululeko.
- Izindlela zomzabalazo: I-Neo-Destour yasebenzisa izindlela ezinokuthula njengemibhikisho, iziteleka kanye nemikhankaso yokungalaleli umphakathi ukuze icindezele iziphathimandla zamakoloni aseFrance.
- Ukuzimela: I-Tunisia yathola inkululeko ku-France ngo-1956, yaba izwe lokuqala laseMaghreb ukuzikhulula ekubuseni kwamakholoni.
Ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kwe-FLN ne-Néo-Destour/Nidaa Tounes
Ukuze kube lula ukuqonda, nasi ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwe-FLN yase-Algeria kanye ne-Neo-Destour/Nidaa Tounes e-Tunisia:
I-FLN (Algeria) | I-Neo-Destour/Nidaa Tounes (Tunisia) |
---|---|
Yasungulwa ngo-1954 | Yasungulwa ngo-1934 (Néo-Destour); Iqanjwe kabusha i-Nidaa Tounes ngo-2012 |
Umzabalazo ohlomile | Izindlela ezinokuthula |
War of Independence kusukela ngo-1954 kuya ku-1962 | Inkululeko yatholwa ngo-1956 |
Ukwesekwa okukhulu kwamazwe ngamazwe | Umthelela wesifunda nowomhlaba olinganiselwe |
Inhloso eyinhloko: Ukuzimela kwe-Algeria | Inhloso eyinhloko: Ukuzimela kweTunisia kanye nokusungulwa kombuso ozimele |
Lezi zinhlangano ezimbili ezilwela inkululeko zabamba iqhaza elibalulekile emlandweni waseNyakatho Afrika, ukuvumela i-Algeria neTunisia ukuthi zithole inkululeko yazo. Izindlela zabo zomzabalazo kanye nezinjongo zabo zahlukene, kodwa bobabili baphumelela ukuhlanganisa abantu babo kanye nokufaka ingcindezi emibusweni yamakoloni ukuze bathole inkululeko yabo. Namuhla, amafa ale mibutho yenkululeko asaqhubeka nokubumba imiphakathi kanye nepolitiki yaseNyakatho ne-Afrika.
Imibutho yenkululeko eNtshonalanga Afrika
INtshonalanga Afrika iyisifunda esicebile ngomlando futhi silwela inkululeko. Amazwe amaningi kulesi sifunda abuswa imibuso yaseYurophu amashumi eminyaka, kodwa izinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko zagcina ziphumelele ukuketula umbuso wamakoloni nokuthola inkululeko. Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka izinhlangano ezimbili ezilwela inkululeko eNtshonalanga Afrika: i-African Democratic Rally (RDA) eSenegal kanye ne-African Independence Party (PAI) e-Ivory Coast.
I-African Democratic Rally (RDA) eSenegal
Umongo womlando
- ISenegal yayiyikoloni yaseFrance kusukela ngekhulu le-17 kuze kube yilapho ithola inkululeko ngo-1960.
- Phakathi nenkathi yamakholoni, abaseSenegal babebhekana nokungabi nabulungisa okuningi nokucwaswa.
- I-RDA, eyasungulwa ngo-1946 nguLéopold Sédar Senghor, kwakuyinhlangano yezombusazwe eyayikhuthaza ukuzimela kweSenegal kanye nokulwa nobukoloniyali baseFrance.
Izinjongo namasu
- I-RDA ihlose ukuhlanganisa amabutho ahlukene ezombusazwe kanye nezenhlalakahle eSenegal ekulweleni inkululeko.
- Inhlangano yasebenzisa izindlela ezinokuthula, njengokuhlanganisa abantu kanye nokuqwashisa ngembangela yokuzimela.
- I-RDA iphinde yabamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni neziphathimandla zaseFrance ukuze kutholwe izinguquko zezombusazwe kanye nokuzimela okukhulu kweSenegal.
Imiphumela kanye nefa
- I-RDA yaba neqhaza elikhulu emzabalazweni weSenegal wenkululeko.
- Ngo-1960, iSenegal yathola inkululeko eFrance, futhi uLéopold Sédar Senghor waba umongameli wokuqala wezwe.
- I-RDA ishiye ifa elibalulekile lezepolitiki, ingemuva kokusungulwa kwe-Senegalese Socialist Party, eyabusa indawo yezepolitiki yezwe iminyaka eminingi.
I-African Independence Party (PAI) e-Ivory Coast
Umongo womlando
- I-Ivory Coast nayo yayiyikoloni laseFrance kwaze kwaba yilapho ithola inkululeko ngo-1960.
- Izwe labhekana nenkathi yokukhula komnotho ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwekhofi ne-cocoa, kodwa abantu base-Ivorian baqhubeka nokubhekana nokungalingani okuningi nokungabi nabulungisa.
Izinjongo namasu
- I-PAI yasungulwa ngo-1944 nguFélix Houphouët-Boigny, kamuva owayezoba umongameli wokuqala waseCôte d'Ivoire.
- Iqembu lalwela ukuzimela kwe-Côte d'Ivoire kanye nokuzimela okukhulu kwezepolitiki nezomnotho.
- I-PAI yasebenzisa izindlela ezinokuthula, njengemibhikisho neziteleka, ukuze iqwashise futhi icindezele iziphathimandla zamakoloni aseFrance.
Imiphumela kanye nefa
- Ngemizamo ye-PAI kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko, i-Côte d'Ivoire yathola inkululeko ngo-1960.
- U-Félix Houphouët-Boigny waba umongameli wokuqala wase-Côte d'Ivoire, kwathi i-PAI yaba yiDemocratic Party yase-Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI), eyabusa inkundla yezombusazwe yezwe amashumi ambalwa eminyaka.
- I-PDCI isebenzise izinqubomgomo zezomnotho nezenhlalakahle ezifake isandla ekuchumeni kwe-Côte d'Ivoire iminyaka eminingi.
Imibutho yenkululeko eMpumalanga Afrika
IMpumalanga Afrika kube yinkundla yezinhlangano eziningi ezilwela inkululeko ezazilwela inkululeko yamazwe azo. Lezi zinhlangano zabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekususweni kobukoloni esifundeni futhi zasiza ekulolongeni umlando wesimanje weMpumalanga Afrika. Kulesi sihloko, sizogxila emibuthanweni emibili yenkululeko yesifunda: i-TANU yaseTanzania kanye ne-UNLF e-Uganda.
I-TANU (Tanganyika African National Union) eTanzania
- Yasungulwa ngo-1954 nguJulius Nyerere, i-TANU kwakuyinhlangano enkulu yenkululeko eTanzania.
- Izinjongo ze-TANU:
- Ukulwa nombuso wamakoloni waseBrithani.
- Ukukhuthaza ubumbano nobumbano phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukene zaseTanzania.
- Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho nenhlalo yaseTanzania.
- Izindlela ezisetshenzisiwe:
- Imikhankaso yokungalaleli kanye nokuduba umphakathi.
- Inhlangano yemibhikisho enokuthula.
- Ukuhlanganisa umphakathi ngezinkulumo namarali.
- Imiphumela etholiwe:
- ITanzania yathola inkululeko ngo-1961.
- UJulius Nyerere uba ngumongameli wokuqala welizwe.
I-UNLF (Uganda National Liberation Front) e-Uganda
- Yasungulwa ngo-1971, i-UNLF yayiyinhlangano enkulu yenkululeko e-Uganda.
- Izinjongo ze-UNLF:
- Ukuketulwa kombuso wobushiqela ka-Idi Amin Dada.
- Ukubuyiselwa kokuhleleka kwentando yeningi kanye nomthetho.
- Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezwe ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yodlame nokungazinzi.
- Izindlela ezisetshenzisiwe:
- Umzabalazo wezikhali ngokumelene namabutho kahulumeni ka-Idi Amin.
- Ukugqugquzelwa kwabantu ukweseka inhlangano yenkululeko.
- Ukusebenzisana namanye amaqembu aphikisayo ukwakha amandla obumbene.
- Imiphumela etholiwe:
- Ukuketulwa kombuso ka-Idi Amin ngo-1979.
- I-UNLF ibamba iqhaza ekusungulweni kukahulumeni wesikhashana e-Uganda.
Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwe-TANU ne-UNLF
I-TANU | UNLF |
---|---|
Yasungulwa ngo-1954 | Yasungulwa ngo-1971 |
Inhloso: ukuzimela | Inhloso: ukuketulwa kuka-Idi Amin |
Izindlela: ukungalaleli umphakathi, ukuduba, ukugqugquzela ukuthula | Izindlela: umzabalazo wezikhali, ukugqugquzela abantu abaningi, ukusebenzisana namanye amaqembu aphikisayo |
Umphumela: inkululeko yeTanzania ngo-1961 | Umphumela: ukuketulwa kuka-Idi Amin ngo-1979, uhulumeni wesikhashana |
Lezi zinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko zabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekukhishweni kwamakoloni eMpumalanga Afrika futhi zavula indlela yokwakhiwa kwemibuso ezimele nezizimele. I-TANU yaseTanzania kanye ne-UNLF yase-Uganda yaphumelela ukuhlanganisa abantu futhi yalwa nemibuso yengcindezelo, okwaholela ekubuyiselweni kwenkululeko kanye nentando yeningi kulawa mazwe.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umzabalazo wenkululeko wawungenazo izinselele nobunzima. Izinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko kwadingeka zibhekane nengcindezelo enodlame evela kuziphathimandla zamakoloni noma imibuso eyayikhona. Naphezu kwalokhu, ukuzimisela nokuqina kwabo ekugcineni kwaholela ekuzuzweni kwezinhloso zabo.
Namuhla, ngenxa yokuzinikela kanye nemizamo yale mibutho yenkululeko, iMpumalanga Afrika ijabulela ukuzimela okukhulu kwezombusazwe kanye nokuzinza. Izifundo ezitholwe kulokhu okwenzekayo zingasebenza njengogqozi kwezinye izinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko emhlabeni jikelele, zizikhuthaze ukuthi ziqinise emzabalazweni wazo wenkululeko nobulungiswa.
Izinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko eNingizimu Afrika
INingizimu Afrika yayiyinkundla yemizabalazo enzima yenkululeko ngokumelene nombuso wamakoloni nowobandlululo owabusa amashumi eminyaka. Phakathi kwezinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko yiZANU eZimbabwe kanye neMPLA yaseAngola. Lezi zinhlangano zabamba iqhaza elibalulekile emzabalazweni wokukhulula abantu base-Afrika futhi ekugcineni bathola inkululeko emazweni abo.
ZANU: Zimbabwe African National Union
I-ZANU, noma iZimbabwe African National Union, yasungulwa ngo-1963 ngenhloso yokuqala yokulwa nombuso wamakoloni weBrithani eSouthern Rhodesia, kamuva eyaba yiZimbabwe. Nanka amaphuzu abalulekile okumele uwakhumbule ngeZANU:
- I-ZANU yayiholwa nguRobert Mugabe, owaba nguNdunankulu wokuqala waseZimbabwe ngo-1980 futhi kamuva waba ngumongameli iminyaka ecela ku-30.
- Inhlangano yalwa impi yenkululeko ehlomile ngokumelene nombuso ka-Ian Smith, eyaqala ngo-1964 kuya ku-1979.
- IZANU ithole usekelo olukhulu emazweni afana leChina leTanzania.
- Inhlangano le yagcina ithole uzibuse weZimbabwe ngo-1980, yaqeda ukubusa kobukoloni bamaNgisi.
I-MPLA: Inhlangano Edumile Yokukhululwa Kwe-Angola
I-MPLA, noma i-Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, yasungulwa ngo-1956 futhi yalwa nombuso wamakoloni wamaPutukezi e-Angola. Nanka amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele uwakhumbule nge-MPLA:
- I-MPLA yayiholwa ngu-Agostinho Neto, owaba ngumongameli wokuqala wase-Angola ozimele ngo-1975.
- Inhlangano yalwa impi yezikhali yenkululeko ngokumelene namabutho angamakoloni angamaPutukezi, eyathatha kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1974.
- I-MPLA yathola ukwesekwa okukhulu emazweni afana neSoviet Union kanye neCuba.
- Le nhlangano yagcina ithole inkululeko ye-Angola ngo-1975, okwaqeda amakhulu eminyaka okubuswa kwamakoloni amaPutukezi.
Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kweZANU neMPLA
Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukufana nomehluko phakathi kweZANU neMPLA, nasi isiqhathaniso ngendlela yethebula:
I-ZANU | I-MPLA |
---|---|
Yasungulwa ngo-1963 | Yasungulwa ngo-1956 |
Ikhokhelwa nguRobert Mugabe | Iqondiswa ngu-Agostinho Neto |
Ukulwa nombuso wamaNgisi eZimbabwe | Ukulwa nokubusa kwamaPutukezi e-Angola |
Isekelwa yiChina neTanzania | Isekelwa yiSoviet Union kanye neCuba |
Ithole inkululeko ngo-1980 | Ithole inkululeko ngo-1975 |
Izinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko e-Afrika: umzabalazo oyimpumelelo wenkululeko
Sengiphetha, lesi sihloko sihlole izinhlangano ezinkulu ezazilwela inkululeko e-Afrika. Sithole ukuthi lezi zinhlangano zazigqugquzelwa izifiso zezwe kanye nesifiso sokuzikhulula engcindezelweni yamakoloni. Izibonelo ezifana ne-FLN yase-Algeria, i-MPLA yase-Angola kanye ne-ZANU-PF yaseZimbabwe zibonise ukuqina nokuzimisela kwabantu base-Afrika ukuthola inkululeko.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izwe ngalinye kanye nenhlangano yenkululeko ngayinye yabhekana nezinselele eziyingqayizivele. Izinto ezifana nezwe, ezomnotho, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlanga, kanye nemibango yezombangazwe kube nomthelela emasu nemiphumela yale nhlangano.
Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukucabangela lezi zici lapho kubuyekezwa isimo samanje e-Afrika futhi sincoma izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokukhuthaza ukuthula, ukuzinza kanye nentuthuko esimeme. Kubalulekile futhi ukweseka izinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko ezisazabalaza nanamuhla, ukuqinisekisa ukufezeka ngokugcwele kokuzimela nobukhosi base-Afrika. Ngokubambisana, singaqhubeka nokwakha izwekazi lase-Afrika eliqinile neliphumelelayo.